1. Rise Of Islam AIM: Identify origins, central ideas and the major causes of the development of Islamic caliphates

2. Historical Origins of Islam  The Prophet Muhammad founded Islam on Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula

3. Historical Origins of Islam  Muhammad's vision told him to convert the polytheistic Arab tribes to belief in a single God, known in Arabic as “Allah.” This god is the same as that worshipped by Jews and Christians.

4. Historical Origins of Islam  Mohammed’s teachings and influence were not popular with merchants in his hometown of Mecca, so he fled to Medina in 622.  This flight is called the Hegira (or Hijra).

5. Historical Origins of Islam  Muhammad retook Mecca and permanently established Islam as the dominant religion in the region, despite his death two years later in 632.

6. Central ideas of Islam Islam means “submission” in Arabic. Muslims are those who submit to the will of God

7. Central ideas of Islam  Muhammad’s revelations were written down in the Quran  The Quran (Koran) is the sacred book of Islam  It records Muhammed’s teachings.

8. 1. Confession of Faith – Allah is God and Muhammad is the Prophet 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith Central Ideas of Islam

9. 2. Prayer – 5 times a day facing Mecca 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith Central Ideas of Islam

10. 3. Fasting – Ramadan one month per year 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith Central Ideas of Islam

11. 4. Charity – Zakat, giving to take care of the poor (2.5%) 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith Central Ideas of Islam

12. 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca – The Hajj 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith Central Ideas of Islam

13. 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith Central Ideas of Islam

14. Islam Teachings and History

15. Let’s Assess 1. According to the passage, Muhammad was called to create the Islamic religion by whom?

16. Let’s Assess cont. 2. List the 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith 3. Islam means “_______________” in Arabic 4. __________ are those who submit to the will of God. Confession of FaithPrayerFastingCharityPilgrimage submission Muslims

17. Islam After Muhammad Division within the religion

18. Islam After Muhammad The word 'Caliph' is the English form of the Arabic word 'Khalifa,‘… 'Caliph' means Successor to the Messenger of God The Caliph is the governmental and religious leader of Islam. The government was called the caliphate. Who should succeed Prophet Muhammad?

19. Divisions of Islam Who should succeed Prophet Muhammad? Sunnis believed that the leader (caliph) should be chosen from the Islamic community. Shias believed that only Mohammed’s descendents could be caliphs. Shi’ites —‘partisans of ‘Ali —maintain that ‘Ali should have been appointed Caliph after Muhammad. They do not recognize any of the Caliphs except for ‘Ali, the 4th Caliph. Shi’ites followed a series of Imams who appointed successors. There were 12 of these altogether.

20. Sunni & Shi’ite (Shia) Split  Dispute as to the rightful successor  Civil War  Umayyad (Sunni Muslim) -military prowess brought combative followers under their control Umayyad Caliphate Sunni Majority Shia Minority Chosen by followers (Caliph) Descendants of Muhammad (Imam)

21. ISLAM DIVIDES AFTER MOHAMMED’S DEATH: “Abu Kabr, Mohammed’s right-hand man, must become the Prophet’s successor. Mohammed himself recommended elections in Arabia and believed the community was responsible for choosing the next ruler. Mohammed asked him to lead us in many prayers and also called on him to make rulings in his absence. We, the majority, have chosen Abu Bakr as our next leader and believe it is the only natural response.” “Ali, Mohammed’s cousin & daughter’s husband, should be the Prophet’s successor. Just as God appointed Mohammed to be his messenger, God has chosen Ali as the rightful ruler. On various occasions and in various ways, Mohammed had claimed that Ali was God’s divine chose.” SUNNI MUSLIMS SHI’A MUSLIMS

22. Timeline  c. 570 CE Birth of MuhammadSee the Prophet Muhammadc.Prophet Muhammad  610 CE Muhammad receives first vision in a cave near Mecca. See the Islamic holy city of Meccac.Islamic holy city of Mecca  610-22 CE Muhammad preaches in Mecca.  622 CE Hijira - Muhammad and followers flee to Medina. Islamic calendar (AH, Anno Hegirae) begins. See the Islamic holy city of MedinaHijiraIslamic holy city of Medina  630Muslims capture Mecca. Ka'ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow allegiance to Muhammad  632Death of Muhammad. Abu Bakr chosen as caliph.See the History of the IslamAbu BakrHistory of the Islam  632-33Wars of ridda (apostasy) restore allegiance to Islam  633Muslim conquests (Futuhat) begin. See symbols of Islamsymbols of Islam  633-42Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent (Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia), North African coast, parts of Persian and Byzantine Empiresc.  650 Caliph Uthman has the Qur'an written down. See The QuranUthmanThe Quran  656Uthman is murdered; Ali becomes fourth caliph.  657Battle of Siffin. Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims the caliphate.  661Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate (661-750).Ali  680Death of Husayn marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali ("party of Ali") or Shi'a sect. Comparison chart: Sunni and Shia IslamSunni and Shia Islam  c. 570 CE Birth of MuhammadSee the Prophet Muhammadc.Prophet Muhammad  610 CE Muhammad receives first vision in a cave near Mecca. See the Islamic holy city of Meccac.Islamic holy city of Mecca  610-22 CE Muhammad preaches in Mecca.  622 CE Hijira - Muhammad and followers flee to Medina. Islamic calendar (AH, Anno Hegirae) begins. See the Islamic holy city of MedinaHijiraIslamic holy city of Medina  630Muslims capture Mecca. Ka'ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow allegiance to Muhammad  632Death of Muhammad. Abu Bakr chosen as caliph.See the History of the IslamAbu BakrHistory of the Islam  632-33Wars of ridda (apostasy) restore allegiance to Islam  633Muslim conquests (Futuhat) begin. See symbols of Islamsymbols of Islam  633-42Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent (Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia), North African coast, parts of Persian and Byzantine Empiresc.  650 Caliph Uthman has the Qur'an written down. See The QuranUthmanThe Quran  656Uthman is murdered; Ali becomes fourth caliph.  657Battle of Siffin. Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims the caliphate.  661Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate (661-750).Ali  680Death of Husayn marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali ("party of Ali") or Shi'a sect. Comparison chart: Sunni and Shia IslamSunni and Shia Islam http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/timeline.htm

23. What does the political cartoon seem to suggest about current relations within the Islamic Religion?

24. (1)I am the third pillar of Islam _______________ (2)I am the holy book of Muslims ________________ (3)Islam is divided into these two factions ____________ & _____________ (4)Islam means “__________________” in Arabic. Fasting Koran or Quran Sunni HW: Write a persuasive paragraph explaining which group, Sunni or Shi’a, is right in choosing the successor of Muhammad. Shia submission Let’s Assess

25. Spread of Islam AIM: How did Islam spread after Mohammed’s death?

26. Spread of Islam  United by Islam and strengthened by strong leadership, the once-divided Arab tribes set out on a jihad (holy war) against non-believers converting them to Islam through a series of military conquests.  As a result, Islam spread quickly throughout the Middle East, Northern and Western Africa

27. Growing Empire  Defeated Persia in A.D. 637 (Iraq/Iran)  Captured Jerusalem in A.D. 638  Conquered Central Asia, northern India, and Northern Africa  Early caliphs came from the Umayyad family.  They moved their capital from Medina to Damascus  Defeated Persia in A.D. 637 (Iraq/Iran)  Captured Jerusalem in A.D. 638  Conquered Central Asia, northern India, and Northern Africa  Early caliphs came from the Umayyad family.  They moved their capital from Medina to Damascus

28. Spread of Islam  It also spread quickly among the poor in India because the religion did not recognize the caste system

29. Growing Empire Many different factors contributed to the growth of the Islamic empire: 1. The Muslims defeated many empires around the Arabian peninsula 2. As Islam quickly spread outward from the Arabian Peninsula, non- believers were converted to Islam. 3. They made treaties with conquered people 4. Muslim rulers treated Jews and Christians with respect since they were believed to worship the same God but were “people of the book.” They were allowed to continue their individual practices put required to pay a tax.  These inclusive practices helped with the spread of Islam and stability of the caliphate.

30. Impact of Caliphates Caliphate? The Islamic caliphates had a cultural and technological impact on other regions as well. While learning declined in Western Europe, the Muslims experienced a Golden Age based on classical learning and the mix of cultures and ideas within the empire – mathematics, arts, architecture, literature and medicine flourished.

31. Islam Prospers - Impact of Trade  Due to Arabia’s location, merchants had easy access to South Asia, Europe, and Africa. As a result the Islamic world became a crossroads for trade, bringing together exchange of goods from India, China, Africa, Spain and the eastern Mediterranean.  Along with goods, merchants spread Islamic beliefs to India, Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia MAP

32. Islam Prospers - Impact of Trade Trade brought new products to Muslim lands  Paper and gunpowder- came from China  Cotton, rice, and oranges- came from India, China, and Southeast Asia  Ivory, cloves, and slaves- came from Africa

33. Islam Prospers - The Growth of Cities  In addition to bringing people, products, and ideas together, trade also created wealth, and cultural advancement  Two major cities: 1) Baghdad (Iraq) 2) Cordoba (Spain)

34. “PEOPLE OF THE BOOK” = Christians & Jews received special consideration by Muslims during conquest WHY??? What people would forced to convert to Islam?? POLYTHEISTS / IDOL WORSHIPPERS *NOTES*

35. ISLAM SPREADS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD (630 - 800 A.D.) REASONS FOR SUCCESS: 1.Strong and able elected successors: Abu Bakr caliphs- a title given to the people who ruled after Mohammed’s death (successors) 2. Caliphs used military force to assert authority in Arabia and other lands 3. Caliphs gained support of conquered people 4. Victories became a sign of Allah’s support for Islam 5. Jihad- duty of Muslims to spread Islam and be one with Allah. Mohammed taught that anyone who died in a “Holy War” to spread Islam would go directly to Heaven.

36. Rise of The Ottoman Empire AIM: Explain the impact of the Ottoman Empire and Islam on Europe, Africa, Asia and on global trade.

37. Who were the Ottomans? The Ottomans were a Turkish nomadic group that came from central Asia. The Anatolia peninsula is where the Ottomans came to power pushing back the Byzantine empire until in 1453 they captured the city of Constantinople, made it their capital, and renamed it Istanbul. The Ottomans conquered much of the Islamic world (Egypt, North Africa, Arabia) and became the prominent Muslim power. What gave the Ottomans Military Superiority? You tube Video - Ottoman Empire part 1 Ottoman production of gunpowder and saltpeter, and of cannon, guns, and muskets. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v047/47.2bektas.html

38. Ottoman Empire: From Istanbul the Ottomans set on the crossroads of Europe and Asia and hindered the trade between east and west. With the Ottomans in control of the overland trade route Europeans would look elsewhere for routes to the east. This would be a major factor why nations such as Portugal and Spain would help lead the Age of Exploration.

39. Suleiman I (the Magnificent, the Lawgiver) The Ottomans under the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent reached its height of power in the mid 1500’s. Their gains included land in Eastern Europe (Balkans,Hungary, even to the gates of Vienna).

40. Suleiman the Magnificent I.The Rule of Suleiman 1.Muslim ruler from 1520-1566. 2.Named the “Lawgiver”. 3.Established & enforced strict laws. A.Based on the Koran. B.Reconstructed the Ottoman system of rule. II.Suleiman’s Social Class System 1.Citizens were organized into four districts. A.Men of the pen, sword, negotiation & the fields. 2.Higher citizens  special privileges. 3.Educated men held the highest rank. A.Important advancements made in science, architecture & literature.

41. 4. Impact on global trade (Disruption of established trade routes (silk road) and European search for new ones, fueling the age of exploration) The Ottoman Empire cut off trade in the area which served to heighten tensions between the Empire and Western Europe. This also set up the Age of Exploration by forcing the Europeans to find other routes to reach the Far East. http://teachmideast.org/essays/28-history/82-ottoman-history-new-questions-new-answers http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/ghgonline/units/4/u4b.html

42. The Ottoman Empire 1453-1918 I.The Ottomans 1.Nomadic group of Turkish people. 2.Originally from central Asia. 3.Emerged as rulers of the Islamic world. II.Ottoman Empire 1.The Fall of the Byzantine Empire A.Ottomans capture Constantinople (1453) 2.Cut trade with Europe & Asia. A.Made it difficult for Europeans to pass. 3.Conquered Egypt & North Africa. 4.United Muslims under one rule.

43. Cultural Contributions of the Ottoman Empire

44. http://teachmideast.org/essays/28-history/82-ottoman-history-new-questions-new-answers http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/ghgonline/units/4/u4b.html Brief writing assignment: How did Ottoman control of the Mediterranean and much of central Asia help lead to the Age of Exploration in Europe?

45. The Ottoman Naval Fleet controlled much of the Mediterranean Sea up until their defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

46. What continents did the Umayyad Caliphate (Dynasty) extend its control over? MUSLIMS CREATE AN EMPIRE ASIA, AFRICA & EUROPE What country in Europe became apart of the Umayyad Caliphate? SPAIN

47. 1. Human and physical geography (Map Of the Ottoman Empire) 2. Contributions 3. Suleiman I (the Magnificent, the Lawgiver) (Video) 4. Impact on global trade (Disruption of established trade routes (silk road) and European search for new ones, fueling the age of exploration) the Ottoman Empire cut off trade in the area which served to heighten tensions between the Empire and Western Europe. This also set up the Age of Exploration by forcing the Europeans to find other routes to reach the Far East. http://teachmideast.org/essays/28-history/82-ottoman-history-new-questions-new-answers http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/ghgonline/units/4/u4b.html

49. Let’s Assess 1. According to the map, how did Islam expand? 2. List the 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith 3. Islam means “___________” in Arabic 4. __________ are those who submit to the will of God.