2. Causes and Effects of 20 th Century Wars IB Paper 2 Topic 11

3. What is War? “ War therefore is an act of violence intended to compel our opponents to fulfill our will.” On War - Carl Von Clausewitz – 1780 to 1831 “Warfare is the greatest affair of state, the basis of life and death, the way (Tao) to survival or extinction. It must be thoroughly pondered and analyzed.” The Art of War Sun-Tzu – 5 th century b.c.

4. Why do we fight? The political objective –“War is a mere continuation of policy by other means.” -– Von Clausewitz Economic motive – We want what our neighbors have –Class warfare - Marxist point of view –Includes wars of liberation Honor, fear and interest – Thucydides Human nature - Aristotle

5. Why should we study war? Prevention – idealistic- human nature can be changed So we can win – realistic- we will always fight so lets make sure we come out on top We can minimize the inevitable by reducing the likelihood of war and its impact neo-realist or soft realist.

6. Types of War I. Total War –Characteristics Entire population mobilized for war effort Complete defeat of enemy- unconditional surrender Large death tolls, targeting of civilians –Examples World War I 1914 to 1918 World War II 1939 to 1945

7. II. Limited War –Characteristics Limited to specific area, state or region Limited in terms of resources consumed Limited objectives – avoid escalation Limited in terms of results or impact –Example Korean War 1950 to 1953 Vietnam War 1964 to 1973 Need to clearly define what you mean by limited war

8. III. Civil War –Characteristics Fought between forces of one nation Two sides vying for power Foreign support for one side or both is common –Examples Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Spanish Civil War 1935 – 1938 Chinese Civil War 1946 – 1949 Nicaraguan Revolution 1976-1979

9. IV. Guerrilla War –Characteristics Assassinations of opponents and their supporters Attacks on specific places or people for a limited time, then retreat Sabotage of infrastructure, equipment or production Destruction of enemy supplies and housing “Hit and Run” warfare –Examples Chinese Civil War 1945 to 1949 Vietnam war 1960 to 1968 Cuban Revolution 1956 to 1959 Partisans in Europe during WWII

10. V. Trench Warfare –Ditches dug to protect troops Generally associated with Western Front of WWI Lead to new technology VI. Conventional Warfare –Armies fighting on open ground Rapid movement of armies and changing lines of battle Mobile warfare means use of machine-driven vehicles

11. VII. Air Warfare –Airborne machines in conflict Developed initially with Zeppelins, moved to jets and helicopters Used in conventional warfare and with naval warfare VIII. Naval Warfare –Naval ships used in conflict Changed greatly in 20 th century Submarines became very important Started with battleships and subs in WWI and expanded to aircraft carriers in WWII Lead to new technology

12. Key Technological innovations during War in the 20 th century Tank – British – WWI – ended Trench Warfare Airplane – WWI - Many different reasons Added 3 rd dimension Jet Engine – Germans - WWII – Changed Airpower Radar – British- WWII - Early detection, helped win Battle of Britain

13. Aircraft Carrier – US/Japan - WWII – Changed Naval Combat Ballistic Missile – Germans - WWII – Unstoppable and long range Nuclear Bomb – US –WWII - Most Bang for the Buck Helicopter – US –Korean War - Saved a lot of lives.

14. Key War Terms Strategy –The big picture…. overall plan for a war or battle Tactics –The methods used to implement the strategy –Smaller scale Flanking –attacking from the side or rear Logistics –getting people and supplies to the battle or war

15. Reconnaissance –scouting and spying, finding the enemy Infantry –foot soldiers Armor –Tanks, Armored Personal Carriers(APC) Artillery –big cannons or rockets, shot from a long distance usually Ballistic Missile –guided and self powered projectile – usually rocket powered