1. WARMUP #2 1. Analyze the political cartoon. 2
WARMUP #2 1.Analyze the political cartoon. 2. Who are the players involved? 3. Who is dead? 4. What is the significance of the large hand on the left?

2. The Great War (World War I)

3. Trench Warfare
trenches: elaborate ditches dug by troops to stay out of enemy sight
separated by “no-man’s-land” with barbed wire, dead bodies, & the holes from bombs & grenades
soldiers suffered from trench foot & bad conditions
“shell shock” → PTSD
“over the top” orders: getting out of the trenches, running across “no-man’s-land” to attack the enemy trenches, while being fired upon by machine guns & having grenades launched at them!

4. Trench Warfare

5. No Man’s Land

6. Trench Foot

7. War of Attrition
Italy (at first) on the side of the Central Powers, but switched to side with the Allied Powers (1915)
war of attrition: wear the other side down with constant attacks & heavy losses until they cannot recover & thus have to surrender
Battle of Verdun (France): best example of the war of attrition
10 months (February to December 1916)
a few miles’ movement
800,000 men died fighting
to pull Germany away from Verdun, Great Britain launched an attack at the Somme River, but the exact same results as at the Battle of Verdun
for three years ( ), battle lines did not really move on the Western Front!

8. Battle of Verdun

9. Continued Fighting
Ottoman Empire entered the war for Central Powers (1914)
Ottoman Empire controlled an area called the Dardanelles (the water route to Russia)
to gain control & get supplies to Russia, Australian & New Zealand troops fought the Ottomans at Gallipoli (1915)
the bloody attack went on for months, but failed to take the Dardanelles
in the Middle East (controlled by Ottoman Empire), Great Britain encouraged nations to revolt…sent T.E. Lawrence “Lawrence of Arabia” to help with revolts

10. Gallipoli & “Lawrence of Arabia”

12. Armenian Massacre
tensions between Muslim Turks & Christian Armenians for decades within the Ottoman Empire
1915 the Russians successfully attacked the Ottoman Empire
the Ottoman Empire blamed the Armenians for helping with the Russian attack
thus, the Ottoman Empire began the Armenian Massacre ( )
600,000 Armenians died from violence, starvation, forced marches, disease, etc.

13. Armenian Massacre

14. Technology in the War
poison gas (mustard gas) used, but backfired if the wind changed…outlawed at the Geneva Convention
gas masks developed to counter gas attacks
machine guns developed before the War, but military tactics had to change & adapt to accommodate them
tanks & armored cars developed, but unsteady & dangerous…used more effectively in WWII
submarines (U-Boats) used mostly by Germany to attack supply ships in the Atlantic Ocean headed to Great Britain or France
sinking of Lusitania (1915) outraged United States

15. Mustard Gas U-Boats (Submarines)

16. Air War airplanes developed…but used to see & drop bombs on enemy
machine guns were added to airplanes & they fought each other in the air (dogfights)
flying aces: pilots who shot down at least 5 planes in combat (the Red Baron: Germany)
Germany also used Zeppelins to bomb cities, but they were filled with hydrogen gas & thus, highly explosive

17. Air War

18. Home Front total war: all parts of society involved in the war effort
propaganda: information designed to influence the opinions of the general public
with the overflow of men at War, women stepped into the workforce at factories:
made weapons, etc.
served as nurses on the battlefields
increased push for women’s suffrage
19th Amendment in USA (1920, not long after war’s end)

19. Propaganda