1. American Revolution French and Indian War

2. What’s going on in the colonies? (review) England is not the only country to have colonies in the New World Spain in Florida, Central America and western North America France- Canada and central North America Mercantilism Navigation Acts- Hard to enforce Salutary Neglect England is not the only country to have colonies in the New World Spain in Florida, Central America and western North America France- Canada and central North America Mercantilism Navigation Acts- Hard to enforce Salutary Neglect

3. Sowing Seeds of Self- Government Every colony at this point had: Governor- appointed by the king Advisory council- appointed by the Governor Local Assembly- elected by eligible colonists and paid the Governor’s salary Colonists desired more economic and political breathing room but still felt loyal to the British Crown Every colony at this point had: Governor- appointed by the king Advisory council- appointed by the Governor Local Assembly- elected by eligible colonists and paid the Governor’s salary Colonists desired more economic and political breathing room but still felt loyal to the British Crown

4. France in the New World 1608-1 st city/settlement Quebec- Canada 1689- claimed the entire Mississippi Valley, naming Louisiana after King Louis XIV There is a smaller population of French colonists than English colonists They have friendlier relations with the natives Need their help with trade 1608-1 st city/settlement Quebec- Canada 1689- claimed the entire Mississippi Valley, naming Louisiana after King Louis XIV There is a smaller population of French colonists than English colonists They have friendlier relations with the natives Need their help with trade

5. Stop and Think! What impact does France’s presence in North America have on the Colonist and England?

6. France Fans Out The French fan out by following the beaver Beaver fur was a profitable export Started to collide with English colonies Jesuits- French Missionaries spread out to convert Natives to Christianity Fan out along the Ohio River Valley The French fan out by following the beaver Beaver fur was a profitable export Started to collide with English colonies Jesuits- French Missionaries spread out to convert Natives to Christianity Fan out along the Ohio River Valley

7. Warfare The type of warfare used in the New World was called Guerilla Warfare Ambushes, surprise attacks Mostly used by French and Spanish British used a traditional style of warfare The type of warfare used in the New World was called Guerilla Warfare Ambushes, surprise attacks Mostly used by French and Spanish British used a traditional style of warfare

8. The French and Indian War 1756-1763 Also known as the Seven Years War Mostly fought over control of the Ohio Valley French built Fort Duquesne where the Ohio River forms (modern day Pittsburgh) The Virginia Governor sends a militia to evict the French because they had claim to that land Militia was led by George Washington Also known as the Seven Years War Mostly fought over control of the Ohio Valley French built Fort Duquesne where the Ohio River forms (modern day Pittsburgh) The Virginia Governor sends a militia to evict the French because they had claim to that land Militia was led by George Washington

9. French/Indian War War went back and forth and was undeclared for 2 years The war was fought all over the world (remember it was part of a bigger war) England and Prussia v. France, Spain Austria and Russia Not a lot of troops were sent to the colonies War went back and forth and was undeclared for 2 years The war was fought all over the world (remember it was part of a bigger war) England and Prussia v. France, Spain Austria and Russia Not a lot of troops were sent to the colonies

10. Stop and Think!! If England refuses to send a lot of troops to the colony, who will they rely on for troops against the French in North America?

11. Colonial Unity? The Colonies were not unified because they had different identities Different cultures, economies, religions, geography, transportation issues Albany Plan of Union -Benjamin Franklin comes up with an idea to unite the colonies- meet in Albany Representatives of 7 out of the 13 colonies showed up and all the colonies north of VA unify They then become allies with the Iroquois tribe The Colonies were not unified because they had different identities Different cultures, economies, religions, geography, transportation issues Albany Plan of Union -Benjamin Franklin comes up with an idea to unite the colonies- meet in Albany Representatives of 7 out of the 13 colonies showed up and all the colonies north of VA unify They then become allies with the Iroquois tribe

12. Join or Die! Franklin drew this image to encourage people in the colonies to unite The cartoon was inspired by superstitions that a sliced snake would revive if the pieces of the body were joined before sunset Franklin drew this image to encourage people in the colonies to unite The cartoon was inspired by superstitions that a sliced snake would revive if the pieces of the body were joined before sunset

13. The War General Braddock: British general- mission was to drive the French out of the Ohio River Valley Fought against French soldiers and their Native American allies He was ambushed and defeated- not used to the warfare General Braddock: British general- mission was to drive the French out of the Ohio River Valley Fought against French soldiers and their Native American allies He was ambushed and defeated- not used to the warfare

14. The War cont. William Pitt was appointed the new leader by King George III The British army finally started winning battles The Iroquois tribe, which was very powerful allied with the British to balance those of the French William Pitt was appointed the new leader by King George III The British army finally started winning battles The Iroquois tribe, which was very powerful allied with the British to balance those of the French

15. Turning Point The turning point of the war was on the Plains of Abraham just outside Quebec British troops under General James Wolfe surprise attacked Quebec Was able to get the colonists to join by promising to make Parliament pay the cost This led to a British triumph in the war The turning point of the war was on the Plains of Abraham just outside Quebec British troops under General James Wolfe surprise attacked Quebec Was able to get the colonists to join by promising to make Parliament pay the cost This led to a British triumph in the war

16. Treaty of Paris (1763) Great Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi River including Florida which was owned by Spain (an ally of France) Kicked the French out! Spain gained the French lands west of the Mississippi including the city of New Orleans France kept only a few small islands near Newfoundland and in the West Indies Great Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi River including Florida which was owned by Spain (an ally of France) Kicked the French out! Spain gained the French lands west of the Mississippi including the city of New Orleans France kept only a few small islands near Newfoundland and in the West Indies

17. Interactions between English and Colonists The English viewed the colonists as back woodsy, hicks, uncivilized The Colonists viewed the English as mean, snobby, dumb Colonists stationed troops in territories to control Native Americans Colonist thought the Native Americans might turn on them This cost them a lot of money The English viewed the colonists as back woodsy, hicks, uncivilized The Colonists viewed the English as mean, snobby, dumb Colonists stationed troops in territories to control Native Americans Colonist thought the Native Americans might turn on them This cost them a lot of money

18. English also feel… The colonists were left too much on their own Britain is regretting Salutary Neglect Colonists are creating their own gov’t, religion economy apart from Britain The colonists didn’t help enough with the war effort Taxed the colonists for the war effort But wait a minute- they were supposed to foot the bill! The colonists were left too much on their own Britain is regretting Salutary Neglect Colonists are creating their own gov’t, religion economy apart from Britain The colonists didn’t help enough with the war effort Taxed the colonists for the war effort But wait a minute- they were supposed to foot the bill!

19. Stop and Think! What was this impact of the British taxing the colonists for the war?

20. Colonial gains from the war Self confidence The need for colonial unity No need for English protection from the French b/c they’re gone They no longer see British as invincible Self confidence The need for colonial unity No need for English protection from the French b/c they’re gone They no longer see British as invincible

21. Proclamation of 1763 Native Americans feared that the growing number of British settlers crossing the Appalachian mountains would drive away the game they depended on Spring 1763, Pontiac (Ottawa leader) rebels and captures 8 British forts To avoid further conflict, British gov’t issued the Proclamation of 1763: banned all settlement west of the Appalachians. Hard to enforce Native Americans feared that the growing number of British settlers crossing the Appalachian mountains would drive away the game they depended on Spring 1763, Pontiac (Ottawa leader) rebels and captures 8 British forts To avoid further conflict, British gov’t issued the Proclamation of 1763: banned all settlement west of the Appalachians. Hard to enforce

22. American Revolution Road to Revolution

23. Proclamation of 1763 Event: British announced the land won during the French/ Indian War (west of Appalachian Mountains) would be reserved for Native Americans- banned settlement of Colonists Brit. Rationale: to prevent future wars with Natives Colonial Rationale: thought the British intended to maintain a tighter control over the colonists Event: British announced the land won during the French/ Indian War (west of Appalachian Mountains) would be reserved for Native Americans- banned settlement of Colonists Brit. Rationale: to prevent future wars with Natives Colonial Rationale: thought the British intended to maintain a tighter control over the colonists

25. Sugar Act- 1764 Event: Tax on sugar and molasses coffee and wines British Rationale: it actually lowered price of molasses but prevent trade between New England and Middle Colonies with French, Dutch, and Spanish in the West Indies Colonial Rationale: Upset because the British are stifling their trade. Event: Tax on sugar and molasses coffee and wines British Rationale: it actually lowered price of molasses but prevent trade between New England and Middle Colonies with French, Dutch, and Spanish in the West Indies Colonial Rationale: Upset because the British are stifling their trade.

27. Quartering Act Event: required colonists to put British soldiers up in their homes and had to provide fuel, candles, beer and transportation for the soldiers British Rationale: troops can stay in the colonies to keep an eye on the Native Americans and colonists who were starting to discuss the idea of freedom Colonial Rationale: believed the Soldiers were sent to America not to protect them but to control them. Thought the British should have asked first. Event: required colonists to put British soldiers up in their homes and had to provide fuel, candles, beer and transportation for the soldiers British Rationale: troops can stay in the colonies to keep an eye on the Native Americans and colonists who were starting to discuss the idea of freedom Colonial Rationale: believed the Soldiers were sent to America not to protect them but to control them. Thought the British should have asked first.

29. Stamp Act 1765 Event: required the colonists to pay a tax on most printed materials (newspapers, pamphlets, marriage licenses, playing cards) British Rationale: British were in debt after the French and Indian War and felt the colonists should help pay b/c the Brits were “defending” the colonists from the French Colonial Rationale: felt that their freedom had been threatened b/c they had no say in making the law.- The Stamp Act Congress Event: required the colonists to pay a tax on most printed materials (newspapers, pamphlets, marriage licenses, playing cards) British Rationale: British were in debt after the French and Indian War and felt the colonists should help pay b/c the Brits were “defending” the colonists from the French Colonial Rationale: felt that their freedom had been threatened b/c they had no say in making the law.- The Stamp Act Congress

31. Declaratory Acts Event: Passed when Stamp Act was repealed Designed to affirm that Parliament’s authority was the same in America as in Britain- can pass laws in the colonies. British Rationale: to maintain authority over the colonies Colonial Rationale: “No taxation without representation” Event: Passed when Stamp Act was repealed Designed to affirm that Parliament’s authority was the same in America as in Britain- can pass laws in the colonies. British Rationale: to maintain authority over the colonies Colonial Rationale: “No taxation without representation”

33. Townshend Acts of 1767 Event: Charles Townshend (Brit. Prime Minister) imposed a tax on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea-collected at sea ports British Rationale: get money from the colonies without them noticing they were paying taxes Colonial Rationale: thought the acts were threats to their natural rights and freedoms Event: Charles Townshend (Brit. Prime Minister) imposed a tax on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea-collected at sea ports British Rationale: get money from the colonies without them noticing they were paying taxes Colonial Rationale: thought the acts were threats to their natural rights and freedoms

35. Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 Event: Mob gathers around the Customs House and taunts the guards. Shots are fired, 5 colonists die including Crispus Attucks- former slave British Rationale: with the increasing hostility in the colonies, British customs commissioners petitioned for protection Colonial Rationale: Present the event as an attack on defenseless citizens- PROPAGANDA Event: Mob gathers around the Customs House and taunts the guards. Shots are fired, 5 colonists die including Crispus Attucks- former slave British Rationale: with the increasing hostility in the colonies, British customs commissioners petitioned for protection Colonial Rationale: Present the event as an attack on defenseless citizens- PROPAGANDA

37. Tea Act and Boston Tea Party 1773 Event: Tea act passed in 1773 forcing colonists to only buy tea from the British East India Company (Tea Act). British Rationale: British East India Company had a monopoly but was hit hard by boycotts and almost bankrupt Colonial Response: Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans and raided 3 British Ships in the Boston Harbor dumping 340 chests of tea into the harbor (Boston Tea Party) Colonies Rationale: saw the tea act as an example of the British making a decision that concerned the colonists without consulting them Event: Tea act passed in 1773 forcing colonists to only buy tea from the British East India Company (Tea Act). British Rationale: British East India Company had a monopoly but was hit hard by boycotts and almost bankrupt Colonial Response: Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans and raided 3 British Ships in the Boston Harbor dumping 340 chests of tea into the harbor (Boston Tea Party) Colonies Rationale: saw the tea act as an example of the British making a decision that concerned the colonists without consulting them

39. Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) Events: Direct response to the BTP. series of laws: make colonist pay for tea that was lost; closed port of Boston imposed martial law (rule imposed by military force) British Rationale: King George III was infuriated by the organized destruction of British property Colonial Rationale: draw up a declaration of colonial rights Events: Direct response to the BTP. series of laws: make colonist pay for tea that was lost; closed port of Boston imposed martial law (rule imposed by military force) British Rationale: King George III was infuriated by the organized destruction of British property Colonial Rationale: draw up a declaration of colonial rights

41. First Continental Congress Event: Representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies (no GA) met in Philadelphia and drew up the Declaration of Rights and a complete boycott of all trade with England Colonial Rationale: present their complaints as a unified group Event: Representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies (no GA) met in Philadelphia and drew up the Declaration of Rights and a complete boycott of all trade with England Colonial Rationale: present their complaints as a unified group

43. Lexington and Concord Event: British troops marched from Boston to Lexington and Concord to take stores of colonial gunpowder, and guns and to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock; met colonial minutemen (soldiers) and first shots were fired British Rationale: to put down any rebel activity Colonial Rationale: to spread the ideas of independence, draft a new appeal to the King, and select George Washington to head the army of minutemen Event: British troops marched from Boston to Lexington and Concord to take stores of colonial gunpowder, and guns and to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock; met colonial minutemen (soldiers) and first shots were fired British Rationale: to put down any rebel activity Colonial Rationale: to spread the ideas of independence, draft a new appeal to the King, and select George Washington to head the army of minutemen

45. People Patrick Henry: Governor of VA, strong supporter of Revolution “Give me liberty or give me death!”- to get support for revolution Sam Adams: Founded the Sons of Liberty, a secret resistance group consisting of shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers John Adams: came up with a plan at the 2nd Continental Congress that each colony set up its own gov’t and that Congress declare the colonies Independent Patrick Henry: Governor of VA, strong supporter of Revolution “Give me liberty or give me death!”- to get support for revolution Sam Adams: Founded the Sons of Liberty, a secret resistance group consisting of shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers John Adams: came up with a plan at the 2nd Continental Congress that each colony set up its own gov’t and that Congress declare the colonies Independent

46. People Ben Franklin: American Enlightenment thinker, big supporter of Independence, one of the men appointed to negotiate a treaty after the war (Treaty of Paris 1783) Thomas Paine: writer of Common Sense, a pamphlet that circulated around the colonies attacking King George III and demanding indep. Thomas Jefferson: Writer of the Dec. of Indep. which declared that all men had the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Ben Franklin: American Enlightenment thinker, big supporter of Independence, one of the men appointed to negotiate a treaty after the war (Treaty of Paris 1783) Thomas Paine: writer of Common Sense, a pamphlet that circulated around the colonies attacking King George III and demanding indep. Thomas Jefferson: Writer of the Dec. of Indep. which declared that all men had the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

47. We’re Breaking up….. You are going to write a letter to an imaginary boy/girlfriend and break up with them. Start your letter by explaining what is about to happen. (1 or 2 sentences) Explain how you thought the relationship was going to be or tell how you think it should be (2 sentences) Describe specific things you found wrong with the relationship or situation (3 things) Describe how you tried to change the relationship or situation. (2 things) Explain your final feelings and your final decision (1 or 2 sentences) You are going to write a letter to an imaginary boy/girlfriend and break up with them. Start your letter by explaining what is about to happen. (1 or 2 sentences) Explain how you thought the relationship was going to be or tell how you think it should be (2 sentences) Describe specific things you found wrong with the relationship or situation (3 things) Describe how you tried to change the relationship or situation. (2 things) Explain your final feelings and your final decision (1 or 2 sentences)

48. This is how you wrote your letter. The Declaration of Independence was essentially the American colonies breaking up with England. Preamble-You explained what was about to happen. (1 or 2 sentences) Statement of Beliefs-You explained how you thought the relationship was going to be or how it should be (2 sentences) List of Complaints-You describe specific things you found wrong with the relationship or situation (3 things) Steps taken to address-You described how you tried to change the relationship or situation. (2 things) Declaration-You explained your final feelings and your final decision (1 or 2 sentences) Preamble-You explained what was about to happen. (1 or 2 sentences) Statement of Beliefs-You explained how you thought the relationship was going to be or how it should be (2 sentences) List of Complaints-You describe specific things you found wrong with the relationship or situation (3 things) Steps taken to address-You described how you tried to change the relationship or situation. (2 things) Declaration-You explained your final feelings and your final decision (1 or 2 sentences)

49. American Revolution Declaration of Independence

50. Enlightenment During the 1600s and 1700s Europe was experiencing a period known as the “Enlightenment” From it came new ideas about the rights of people and their relationship to their ruler During the 1600s and 1700s Europe was experiencing a period known as the “Enlightenment” From it came new ideas about the rights of people and their relationship to their ruler

51. John Locke Enlightenment thinker whose ideas influenced the American belief in self-government Wrote that all people are free, equal, and have “natural rights” of life, liberty and property that rulers cannot take away Power resides in the people “social contract” for a government to protect their rights and in return the people promise to obey the laws and rules “ordered liberty” Enlightenment thinker whose ideas influenced the American belief in self-government Wrote that all people are free, equal, and have “natural rights” of life, liberty and property that rulers cannot take away Power resides in the people “social contract” for a government to protect their rights and in return the people promise to obey the laws and rules “ordered liberty”

52. Locke Continued Government’s powers are limited to those that people have given to it Whenever gov’t becomes a threat to the people’s natural rights, breaking the social contract, the people have the right to overthrow it HIS THOUGHTS WERE RADICAL AND CHALLENGED THE PRACTICES OF DICTORIAL RULE (KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC.) Government’s powers are limited to those that people have given to it Whenever gov’t becomes a threat to the people’s natural rights, breaking the social contract, the people have the right to overthrow it HIS THOUGHTS WERE RADICAL AND CHALLENGED THE PRACTICES OF DICTORIAL RULE (KINGS, EMPERORS, ETC.)

53. Stop and Think!! How does Locke’s ideas challenge Monarchies like England?

54. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense English immigrant to America Wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense that challenged the rule of the American colonies by the King of England Said independence was America’s destiny Common Sense was read by many American colonists during the mid-1700s and contributed to the growing idea of independence from England English immigrant to America Wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense that challenged the rule of the American colonies by the King of England Said independence was America’s destiny Common Sense was read by many American colonists during the mid-1700s and contributed to the growing idea of independence from England

55. Historical Background April 1775- fighting begins at Lexington and Concord May 1775- 2 nd Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia Recognized the militiamen as the Continental Army Named General George Washington as leader John Adams suggested each colony set up their own gov’t and Congress declare the colonies independent Also authorized the printing of paper money to pay the troops and organize a committee to deal with foreign nations April 1775- fighting begins at Lexington and Concord May 1775- 2 nd Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia Recognized the militiamen as the Continental Army Named General George Washington as leader John Adams suggested each colony set up their own gov’t and Congress declare the colonies independent Also authorized the printing of paper money to pay the troops and organize a committee to deal with foreign nations

56. Historical Background cont. June 17, 1775,Battle of Bunker Hill- altercation between the British and Continental Army Deadliest battle of the war (450 minutemen and over 1,000 redcoats) Olive Branch Petition- sent by colonists to King George III urging him to return peace between the British and colonies Britain rejected the petition and stated that the colonists were in rebellion and ordered a Naval blockade of the American coast June 17, 1775,Battle of Bunker Hill- altercation between the British and Continental Army Deadliest battle of the war (450 minutemen and over 1,000 redcoats) Olive Branch Petition- sent by colonists to King George III urging him to return peace between the British and colonies Britain rejected the petition and stated that the colonists were in rebellion and ordered a Naval blockade of the American coast

57. Historical background cont. January 1776- Common Sense published May 1776- Each colony begins to declare its independence from England and writing their own constitution June 1776- appointed a committee to prepare a formal declaration explaining the reasons for the colonies declaring independence January 1776- Common Sense published May 1776- Each colony begins to declare its independence from England and writing their own constitution June 1776- appointed a committee to prepare a formal declaration explaining the reasons for the colonies declaring independence

58. Declaration of Independence Background Info Written by Thomas Jefferson- broad knowledge and skillful writing Drew on the concepts of Locke’s “natural rights” and described these rights as “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Government’s power comes from the people and they had the right to alter or abolish any government that threatens these rights Written by Thomas Jefferson- broad knowledge and skillful writing Drew on the concepts of Locke’s “natural rights” and described these rights as “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Government’s power comes from the people and they had the right to alter or abolish any government that threatens these rights

59. Stop and Think!! Why do you think Thomas Jefferson changed the natural rights from “life, liberty, and property” as expressed by John Locke, to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”?

60. Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is essentially a list of the numerous ways in which the British king had violated these “unalienable rights” It states that all men are created equally not women, Native Americans and African- American slaves July 2, 1776- unanimous vote that the colonies are free July 4, 1776- officially adopted the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is essentially a list of the numerous ways in which the British king had violated these “unalienable rights” It states that all men are created equally not women, Native Americans and African- American slaves July 2, 1776- unanimous vote that the colonies are free July 4, 1776- officially adopted the Declaration of Independence

61. American Revolution Revolutionary War

62. Americans Declare their Independence (review) July 4, 1776- Declaration of Independence adopted Founded on the principles drawn from John Locke “Unalienable rights” of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” social contract theory- if government fails to protect these rights, people can alter or abolish government July 4, 1776- Declaration of Independence adopted Founded on the principles drawn from John Locke “Unalienable rights” of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” social contract theory- if government fails to protect these rights, people can alter or abolish government

63. Americans Choose Sides Patriots- supporters of colonial independence from Great Britain- 1/3 of Americans Unified by Common Sense and Declaration of Independence Many northern African Americans sided with patriots Loyalists (Tories)- those who opposed independence and remained loyal to Great Britain- 1/3 of Americans Most Native Americans sided with GB Many African American slaves in the south joined the British for freedom 1/3 of Americans were neutral Patriots- supporters of colonial independence from Great Britain- 1/3 of Americans Unified by Common Sense and Declaration of Independence Many northern African Americans sided with patriots Loyalists (Tories)- those who opposed independence and remained loyal to Great Britain- 1/3 of Americans Most Native Americans sided with GB Many African American slaves in the south joined the British for freedom 1/3 of Americans were neutral

64. Continental Army About 230,000 militiamen served but never at one place or one time Regional loyalties, 3-12 month enlistment period, Desertion to harvest crops Eventually gain support of France About 5,000 African Americans 2 Iroquois tribes Some women disguised as men or helped in combat by loading weapons or carrying water Makeshift Navy About 230,000 militiamen served but never at one place or one time Regional loyalties, 3-12 month enlistment period, Desertion to harvest crops Eventually gain support of France About 5,000 African Americans 2 Iroquois tribes Some women disguised as men or helped in combat by loading weapons or carrying water Makeshift Navy

65. British Army About 500,000 regulars but never at one place or time German Mercenaries (hired soldiers) “Hessians” Many remained in America after the war Loyalists: 50,000 Some slaves and 3 Iroquois tribes and most other tribes Large Navy About 500,000 regulars but never at one place or time German Mercenaries (hired soldiers) “Hessians” Many remained in America after the war Loyalists: 50,000 Some slaves and 3 Iroquois tribes and most other tribes Large Navy

66. American Advantages Outstanding leadership of George Washington Strong motivation- fighting to become free and govern themselves Fighting on home ground- knew the territory Experienced officers Superiority of American Rifle (German-made)- better range and accuracy Sharp shooters- frontier experience Outstanding leadership of George Washington Strong motivation- fighting to become free and govern themselves Fighting on home ground- knew the territory Experienced officers Superiority of American Rifle (German-made)- better range and accuracy Sharp shooters- frontier experience

67. British Advantages Military power- strongest army and navy in the world Superior numbers Indian support- Native Americans fearful of losing more land Loyalist cooperation Hefty war chest- lots of money to hire soldiers Bright red uniforms- pride in appearance Military power- strongest army and navy in the world Superior numbers Indian support- Native Americans fearful of losing more land Loyalist cooperation Hefty war chest- lots of money to hire soldiers Bright red uniforms- pride in appearance

68. American Disadvantages Inexperienced army and militia- most were farmers Short enlistment Brand new Navy- few ships to defend coastland Constant shortage of money, arms, food, clothing, medicine Near bankrupt treasury Loyalist warfare -neighbor vs. neighbor Inexperienced army and militia- most were farmers Short enlistment Brand new Navy- few ships to defend coastland Constant shortage of money, arms, food, clothing, medicine Near bankrupt treasury Loyalist warfare -neighbor vs. neighbor

69. British Disadvantages Weak motivations Unaggressive officers 3,000 miles from British home base-poor communication 1,500 mile enemy coastline- hard to blockade Vast land- couldn’t hold territory Easy targets-bright red uniforms European aid to Americans- France Weak motivations Unaggressive officers 3,000 miles from British home base-poor communication 1,500 mile enemy coastline- hard to blockade Vast land- couldn’t hold territory Easy targets-bright red uniforms European aid to Americans- France

70. Goals, Strategies and Tactics Goals (USA): Preserve the army, wear down British until they give up Strategies (USA): Hit and Run! Avoid battles, only victory that’s important is the last one! Tactics (USA): Guerrilla tactics learned from Indians Goals (GB): Force Continental Army to surrender and restore British control Strategies (GB): capture seaports, divide and conquer Tactics: conventional 18 th century warfare Goals (USA): Preserve the army, wear down British until they give up Strategies (USA): Hit and Run! Avoid battles, only victory that’s important is the last one! Tactics (USA): Guerrilla tactics learned from Indians Goals (GB): Force Continental Army to surrender and restore British control Strategies (GB): capture seaports, divide and conquer Tactics: conventional 18 th century warfare

71. Important Battles Battle for New York (1776): British forces attack and capture NYC GW’s army forced to retreat across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania Battle of Trenton (1776): GW’s army crosses the Delaware River on Christmas night, surprised and captured a Hessian force Battle for Philadelphia (1777): GW’s army defeated, resulting in British capture of Philadelphia Battle for New York (1776): British forces attack and capture NYC GW’s army forced to retreat across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania Battle of Trenton (1776): GW’s army crosses the Delaware River on Christmas night, surprised and captured a Hessian force Battle for Philadelphia (1777): GW’s army defeated, resulting in British capture of Philadelphia

73. Battles continued Battle of Saratoga (1777): American Army under General Gates surrounded and defeated British army under General Burgoyne Significance: TURNING POINT OF THE WAR France signed an alliance treaty with the Americans Valley Forge (Winter 1777-1778): winter camp for GW’s army Americans suffered from exposure and frostbite- very difficult conditions Battle of Saratoga (1777): American Army under General Gates surrounded and defeated British army under General Burgoyne Significance: TURNING POINT OF THE WAR France signed an alliance treaty with the Americans Valley Forge (Winter 1777-1778): winter camp for GW’s army Americans suffered from exposure and frostbite- very difficult conditions

74. Colonial Life During Revolution Economy: difficult to finance the war Borrowed A LOT of money from France US issued Continentals- paper money Women: Took over farms and businesses for men at war Served as cooks and nurses for the army Some even served in the ranks -“Molly Pitcher” African Americans- some served for USA some for GB Economy: difficult to finance the war Borrowed A LOT of money from France US issued Continentals- paper money Women: Took over farms and businesses for men at war Served as cooks and nurses for the army Some even served in the ranks -“Molly Pitcher” African Americans- some served for USA some for GB

75. European Allies Shift the Balance Friedrich von Steuben- Prussian drillmaster who helped to train Washington’s army into more professional fighting force and Valley Forge Marquis de Lafayette- Frenchman who joined GW’s army and served for the remainder of the war Friedrich von Steuben- Prussian drillmaster who helped to train Washington’s army into more professional fighting force and Valley Forge Marquis de Lafayette- Frenchman who joined GW’s army and served for the remainder of the war

76. British Move South Their strategy changes- rally the loyalists support in the South and the gradually move back North General Cornwallis- British commander in the South, successful at first, then forced to retreat to VA coast Their strategy changes- rally the loyalists support in the South and the gradually move back North General Cornwallis- British commander in the South, successful at first, then forced to retreat to VA coast

77. Battle of Yorktown (1781) Washington’s army, a French army, and the French navy surrounded Cornwallis’ army at Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans and French on October 17, 1781 Significance: ENDED FIGHTING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Washington’s army, a French army, and the French navy surrounded Cornwallis’ army at Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans and French on October 17, 1781 Significance: ENDED FIGHTING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

79. Treaty of Paris (1783) Officially ended the American Revolution Great Britain recognized independence of the US US gained territory West to the Mississippi River, north to Canada, south to Florida Officially ended the American Revolution Great Britain recognized independence of the US US gained territory West to the Mississippi River, north to Canada, south to Florida

80. War as a Symbol of Liberty Egalitarianism- a belief in equality of all people Only adult white males Women- no new political rights African Americans- most still enslaved in the South, but Northern states did begin to abolish slavery Native Americans- US settlers began moving west and taking tribal lands Egalitarianism- a belief in equality of all people Only adult white males Women- no new political rights African Americans- most still enslaved in the South, but Northern states did begin to abolish slavery Native Americans- US settlers began moving west and taking tribal lands