1. Introduction to Literature

2. Literature … - Latin word “litera” which means an acquaintance with letters - body of literary productions; portrays thoughts, emotions and experiences of the human condition - language in use that provides insights and intellectual stimulation to the reader

3. Literature … - product of a particular culture that concretizes man’s array of values, emotions, actions, and ideas - an art that reflects the works of imagination, aesthetics, and creative writing which are distinguished for the beauty of style or expression

4. Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World 1.The Bible or the Sacred Writings - become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran - Muslim Bible originating from Arabia

5. 3. The Iliad and the Odyssey - source of myths and legends of Greece; written by Homer 4. The Mahabharata - longest epic of the world; contains the history of religion in India 5. Canterbury Tales - depicts the religion and customs of the English in the early days; written by Chaucer

6. 6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin - written by Harriet Beecher Stowe; depicted the sad fate of slaves; became the basis of democracy later on 7. The Divine Comedy - written by Dante of Italy; shows the religion and customs of the early Italians

7. 8. El Cid Compeador - shows the cultural characteristics of the Spaniards and their national history 9. The Song of Roland - includes Doce Pares and Roncesvalles of France; tells about the Golden Age of Christianity in France 10. The Book of the Dead - includes the cult of Osiris and the mythology and theology of Egypt

8. 11. The Book of the Days - written by Confucius of China; basis of Christian religion 12. One Thousand and One Nights or The Arabian Nights - shows the ways of government, of industries and of the society of the Arabs and Persians

9. General Types of Literature I.Prose A. Novel – long narrative divided into chapters; taken from true-to-life stories B. Short Story – narrative involving one or more characters, one plot, and one single impression

10. C. Plays – presented on a stage; divided into acts and each act has many scenes D. Legends – fictitious narratives, usually about origins E. Fables – deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people

11. F. Anecdotes – can be stories about animals or children; main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader G. Essay – expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event H. Biography – deals with the life of a person

12. I.News – report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents happening nationally or not J. Oration – formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public

13. II. Poetry A.Narrative Poetry – describes important events in life either real or imaginary 1. Epic – extended narrative about heroic exploits; deals with heroes and gods 2. Metrical Tale – home tales, love tales, tales of the supernatural or tales written for a strong moral purpose

14. 3. Ballads – shortest and simplest; has simple structure and tells of a single incident B. Lyric Poetry – meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre; any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet 1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) - short poems intended to be sung; common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope, and sorrow

15. 2. Sonnets – lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea 3. Elegy – expresses feelings of grief and melancholy; theme is death 4. Ode – poem of a noble feeling; expressed with dignity

16. 5. Psalms – a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life 6. Awit (Song) – has measure of twelve syllables; sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria 7. Corridos – has measure of eight syllables; recited to a martial beat

17. C. Dramatic Poetry 1. Comedy – “Komos” which means festivity or revelry; light and amusing; usually has a happy ending 2. Melodrama – used in musical plays; arouses immediate and intense emotion; usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character

18. 3. Tragedy – involves the hero struggling against dynamic forces 4. Farce – exaggerated comedy; seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true 5. Social Poems – either purely comic or tragic; pictures the life of today; aims to bring changes in the social conditions

19. Classification of Literature 1.STRUCTURE 1.1 Fiction – oral or written work of imaginative narration; aims to entertain 1.2 Non-fiction – real life narration or exposition based on history and facts; aims to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or concepts about a particular topic

20. 2. FORM 2.1 Prose – spoken or written using the common flow of language in sentences and paragraphs; gives information, relates events; expresses ideas, and presents opinions 2.2 Poetry – expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative language; creates an emotional response to an experience, feeling or fact

21. 3. GENRE 3.1 Fiction 3.2 Poetry 3.3 Essay 3.4 Drama

22. Structure of Literature  Literature as a response to life  Literature as vision of reality  Literature as an imagination

23. Critical Approaches to Literature 1.ANTHROPOLOGICAL - aspects of everyday life in various cultures - everyday social function 2. ARCHETYPAL - developed by Carl Jung - argues that part of the unconscious is shared by all people - collective unconscious: represents the memories of human products and activities

24. Categories of Archetypes 1.Archetypal characters - the hero, the villain, the outcast, the femme fatale, the star-crossed lovers 2. Archetypal situations - the quest, the journal, death and rebirth, the task 3. Archetypal symbols - light/dark, water/desert, height/depth, spring/winter

25. 3. BIOGRAPHICAL - relates the author’s life and thoughts to her works 4. NARRATOLOGICAL - concerns with the structure of narrative: how events are constructed and through what point of view. - How is the narrative of this work pieced together? Who or what is narrating?

26. 5. NEW CRITICISM - contends that literature has little or no connection with the author’s intention, life, or social/historical situation - Everything needed to analyze the work is contained within the text. - physical qualities of the text: rhyme, meter, alliteration, plot, point of view, etc.

27. 6. HISTORICISM - reflects a concern with the period in which a text is produced and read - Studying the historical context of a work enable us to understand the text better. - New Historicism: concerned with relating the idea of a text to other key concepts such as culture, discourse, ideology, the self, and history - Historical Research: includes Biography, reception studies, influence studies

28. 7. POST-STRUCTURALISM - considers the relationship between language - Deconstruction: the reader analyzes the text and especially its language to expose its ambiguity and upset the connection between the text and the “real world.” - How does the language/meaning in this text contradict itself? How can a work be interpreted in multiple ways?

29. 8. Psychoanalytic - aims at uncovering the working of the human mind especially the expression of the unconscious - analyzing a text like a dream, looking for symbolism and repressed meaning, developing a psychological analysis of a character

30. Literary Genres A.Short Story 1. Setting – time and place in which the events of a story occur, local color, era, societal atmosphere 2. Characters – representations of a human being in a story

31. 2.1 According to Principality 2.1.1 Protagonist 2.1.2 Antagonist 2.2 According to Development 2.2.1 Dynamic 2.2.2 Static 2.3 According to Personality 2.3.1 Round 2.3.2 Flat

32. 3. Plot – sequence of events in the story, arranged and linked by causality 3.1 Exposition – sets the scene by introducing the situation; lays out the characters 3.2 Complication – start of the major conflict or problem in the plot 3.3 Crisis – establishes curiosity, uncertainty and tension

33. 3.4 Climax – peak of the story; point of greatest emotional intensity, interest 3.5 Denouement – resolution of the plot 3.6 Ending – part of the story where equilibrium is achieved

34. 4. Literary Devices 4.1 Flashback – interruption of the chronological sequence of a story to go back to related incidents which occurred prior to the beginning of the story 4.2 Foreshadowing – writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the story

35. 5. Conflict – opposition of persons or forces in a story that give rise to the dramatic action in a literary work 5.1 Person vs. Person 5.2 Person vs. Society 5.3 Person vs. Self 5.4 Person vs. Nature 5.5 Person vs. Fate

36. 6. Point of View – determines the narrator of the story 6.1 First Person Point of View 6.2 Omniscient Point of View 7. Theme – significant truth about life and its nature

37. Elements of Essay A.Idea – explores the general proposition or thesis that the essay argues about its topic whether it is spelled out fully at the start or revealed gradually B. Motive – reason for writing

38. C. Structure – forms the shape of the ideas D. Evidences – facts or details which will support, demonstrate, and prove the main idea and sub ideas

39. E. Explanation – bits of background information, summary or context; plot information, precise locating of scene or comment, setting up a quotation, telling who is speaking, in what context, and what the reader should be listening for in it F. Coherence – transitional words

40. G. Implication – significance of the analysis of a particular text H. Presence – points out the sensation of life in writing