1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER ONE Terminology, Systems & Regions

2. Anatomy & Physiology Overview –Subdivisions Anatomy – The study of human body structures and their relationships. Physiology – The study of human body function, including their chemical and physical processes.

3. Topics of Anatomy –Gross Anatomy: Study of anatomic structures visible to the unaided eye –Regional Anatomy: Study of limited portions or regions of the body –Systemic Anatomy: Study of individual body parts in an ordered fashion (Systems) –Microscopic Anatomy Cytology: Study of cells Histology: Study of body tissue

4. –Embryology: Study of developmental stages that occur before birth –Pathological Anatomy: Study of abnormal, diseased or injured tissue –Molecular Biology: Study of structure at the sub-cellular level –Radiographic Anatomy: Study by means of x-ray images

5. –Topics of Physiology Renal Physiology: Study of urine production and kidney function Neurophysiology: Study of the workings of the nervous system Cardiac Physiology: Study of the operation of the heart Other Organ System Physiology: Each system has its own functions and therefore its own field of study

6. PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: –What a structure is capable of doing depends critically on its specific architecture –Function is determined by structure –Structure is determined by function

7. The Hierarchy if Structural Organization –Chemical Level Atoms: The simplest level Molecules: Help to form cells

8. –Structural Hierarchy of Living Things Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms

9. THE BODY ORGAN SYSTEMS

10. Body Organ Systems Integumentary : Skin & External body covering, protects deeper body tissues

11. Body Organ Systems Skeletal: Protects & Supports body tissues, used in movement & makes blood cells

12. Body Organ Systems Muscular: Allows manipulation of the enviornment, movement & facial expression

13. Body Organ Systems Nervous: Control system; made up of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

14. Body Organ Systems Endocrine: Glands which secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and metabolism

15. Body Organ Systems Cardiovascular: Heart and blood vessels that pump and carry blood

16. Body Organ Systems Lymphatic: Picks up leaked fluid, disposes of debris & houses WBC’s (Lymph Nodes)

17. Body Organ Systems Immune: Protects the body via immune response with lymphocytes and antibodies (Spleen & Thymus)

18. Body Organ Systems Respiratory: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide (Lungs)

19. Body Organ Systems Digestive: Breaks down food for chemical absorption (Esophagus, Stomach & Intestines)

20. Body Organ Systems Urinary: Eliminates Nitrogen waste, regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance (Kidneys & Bladder)

21. Body Organ Systems Reproductive: Involved in reproduction and produces hormones (Testes in males & Ovaries in females)

22. Maintenance of Life Interrelationships Among Body Organ Systems Maintenance of Boundaries Movement Responsiveness (Irritability) Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

23. Survival Needs Basic Goal: To Maintain Life –Foods: Nutrients –Oxygen –Water –Maintenance of Body Temperature –Atmospheric Pressure

24. Homeostasis Maintenance of stable internal conditions, within limits Dynamic State of Equilibrium

25. General Control Mechanisms Control Center: determines the set point at which a variable will be maintained, analyses input received & determines response Receptor: Sensor that monitors the environment that responds to changes (Stimuli) by sending information to the control center Effector: Provides a means by which the control center can cause a response

26. Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Turns off or reduces the original stimulus (Like a Thermostat) Positive Feedback Mechanisms: A system that enhance the initial stimulus, leading to an enhancement of the response

27. Homeostatic Imbalances Effect of Disease Effect of Aging Destructive Positive Feedback Mechanisms

28. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

29. Correct Anatomical Position Body Erect Arms at Sides Palms Forward

30. Directional Terms Superior: Towards the head (Cranial) Inferior: Towards the tail or lower part of the human body (Caudal)

31. Directional Terms Anterior: Towards the front of the body (Ventral) Posterior: Towards the back of the body (Dorsal)

32. Directional Terms Medial: Toward the midline of the body Lateral: Away from the midline of the body Intermediate: Between a more medial and lateral structure

33. Directional Terms Proximal: Closest to the origin of the body part or trunk attachment Distal: Farther from the origin of the body part or trunk attachment

34. Directional Terms Superficial: Towards the body surface Deep: Away from the body surface or more internal

35. REGIONAL TERMS

36. Cephalic: Head

37. REGIONAL TERMS Cervical: Neck

38. REGIONAL TERMS Thoracic: Chest

39. REGIONAL TERMS Brachial: Upper Arm

40. REGIONAL TERMS Abdominal: Abdomen

41. REGIONAL TERMS Antebrachial: Forearm

42. REGIONAL TERMS Inguinal: Groin, where the thigh meets the trunk

43. REGIONAL TERMS Pubic: Location of external sex organs

44. REGIONAL TERMS Digital: Fingers and Toes

45. REGIONAL TERMS Femoral: Thigh

46. REGIONAL TERMS Crural: Lower Leg

47. REGIONAL TERMS Occipital: Posterior Base of the Skull

48. REGIONAL TERMS Vertebral: Area along the Spine

49. REGIONAL TERMS Dorsal: Lateral Back

50. REGIONAL TERMS Gluteal: Buttocks

51. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

52. Planes Sagittal: Runs longitudinally, dividing the body into right and left portions. Includes both Midsagittal and Parasagittal.

53. Midsagittal Plane Perfect Bissection, divides body into equal right & left halves

54. Parasagittal Divides the body longitudinall y into unequal right and left sides

55. Planes Sagittal: Runs longitudinally, dividing the body into right and left portions. Includes both Midsagittal and Parasagittal. Frontal (Coronal): Runs longitudinally dividing the body into front and back portions.

56. Frontal (Coronal) Divides into front and back portions

57. Planes Sagittal: Runs longitudinally, dividing body in right & left portions. Includes both Midsagittal and Parasagittal. Frontal (Coronal): Runs longitudinally dividing body in front & back portions. Transverse: Runs horizontally dividing into superior and inferior sections

58. Transverse Divides into superior and inferior parts

59. Planes Sagittal: Runs longitudinally, dividing the body into right and left portions. Includes Midsagittal & Parasagittal. Frontal (Coronal): Runs longitudinally dividing body in front & back portions. Transverse: Runs horizontally dividing into superior & inferior sections Oblique: Cuts made between the horizontal and longitudinal planes

60. Cross Section Usually refers to a specimen with a transverse cut

61. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES

62. Dorsal Body Cavity Located near the the surface on the dorsal side of the body –Cranial –Spinal

63. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity: Brain encased in the skull

64. Dorsal Body Cavity Spinal Cavity: Spinal Cord in the vertebrae

65. Ventral Body Cavity Larger and more anterior than the dorsal –Thoracic –Abdominopelvic

66. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity: More superior surrounded by the ribs & chest muscles –2 Pleural (Lungs) –Pericardial (Heart)

67. Ventral Body Cavity Abdominopelvic:not seperated –Abdomen: Stomach, Intestines, Spleen, Liver and other organs –Pelvic: Bladder, Reproductive Organs & Rectum

68. Visceral Organs The organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity that are covered in visceral membranes to lubricate, protect and help prevent movement

69. Diaphragm Muscle that separates Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities

70. Serous (Seer-uhs) Membranes Thin double layered membrane, for organ protection –Parietal –Visceral –Serous Fluid

71. Serous Membranes Parietal: Lines Cavity Walls

72. Serous Membranes Visceral: Covers the organs in the cavity

73. Serous Fluid Allows organs to easily slide against cavity walls and each other

74. Other Body Cavity Oral: Mouth, contains tongue and teeth. Continous from mouth to anus Nasal Orbital Middle Ear Synovial

75. Other Body Cavities Oral Nasal: Located in nose, medially divided & continous with respiratory center Orbital Middle Ear Synovial

76. Other Body Cavities Oral Nasal Orbital: House the eyes in the anterior position Middle Ear Synovial

77. Middle Ear Cavities Oral Nasal Orbital Middle Ear: In the temporal bone, house the tiny bones of hearing Synovial

78. Other Body Cavities Oral Nasal Orbital Middle Ear Synovial: Surround freely movable joints. Synovial fluid lubricates and cushions joint

79. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

80. Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical: Centermost Region deep to and surrounds the navel (Transverse Colon, Vena Cava, Aorta, & Small Intestines)

81. Abdominopelvic Regions Epigastric: Superior to Umbilical (Stomach & Pacreas)

82. Abdominopelvic Regions Hypogastric: Inferior to umbilical (Appendix, Bladder & Rectum)

83. Abdominopelvic Regions Illiac - Right & Left Lateral to Hypogastric (Cecum & Sigmoid Colon)

84. Abdominopelvic Regions Lumbar: Lateral to Umbilical (Ascending & Descending Colon)

85. Abdominopelvic Regions Hypochondriac Right & Left Lateral to Epigastric (Liver-R, Spleen-L & Kidneys)

86. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS Right Upper (RUQ) Left Upper (LUQ) Right Lower (RLQ) Left Lower (LLQ)