1. The Family Chapter 8 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 2 Family Institutions Family: group related by blood, marriage or some other bond Family: group related by blood, marriage or some other bond Primary social unit worldwide Primary social unit worldwide Less than 10% of U.S. households are families with two parents, dependent children Less than 10% of U.S. households are families with two parents, dependent children This concept of family is not universal This concept of family is not universal Marriage is a social institution marking a commitment between individuals Marriage is a social institution marking a commitment between individuals

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 3 Variations in the Family Pattern Two-parent family Two-parent family Single-parent family Single-parent family Extended family Extended family Gay family Gay family

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 4 Western Society Family Structure and Function Monogamy Monogamy Works well for reproduction Works well for reproduction Psychologically pleasing to partners, Psychologically pleasing to partners, Best chance for most to marry (male/female ratio) Best chance for most to marry (male/female ratio) Freedom in mate selection Freedom in mate selection Best chance to fill economic and social stability goals Best chance to fill economic and social stability goals Patriarchal Patriarchal Mostly benefits males, kept due to social inertia Mostly benefits males, kept due to social inertia Bilateral reckoning of descent Bilateral reckoning of descent

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 5 Variations (continued) Number of mates Number of mates Monogamy traditional in Western world Monogamy traditional in Western world Serial monogamy new standard? Serial monogamy new standard? Polygamy (plural marriage) Polygamy (plural marriage) Polygyny (one husband, two or more wives) Polygyny (one husband, two or more wives) Polyandry (one wife, two or more husbands) Polyandry (one wife, two or more husbands) Cenogamy (group marriage) Cenogamy (group marriage) Same-sex marriage Same-sex marriage

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 6 Variations (continued) Selection of mates Selection of mates Cultural differences based on mate eligibility and who chooses mate Cultural differences based on mate eligibility and who chooses mate Personal-choice mating typical in U.S. Personal-choice mating typical in U.S. Family control Family control Patriarchy Patriarchy Matriarchy Matriarchy Egalitarian family Egalitarian family

7. © 2006 Alan S. Berger7 Mate Selection Eligibility criteria CasteAge. Exclusion Criteria Who set Criteria ? Who selects mates? Individuals involved, based on love. Arranged marriages by parents for political purposes for political purposes for economic purposes for economic purposes Other reasons??? Other reasons???

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 8 Variations (continued) Reckoning of descent Reckoning of descent Bilateral method used in Western societies Bilateral method used in Western societies Unilateral method simpler Unilateral method simpler Patrilineal Patrilineal Matrilineal Matrilineal

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 9 A Family Tree

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 10 Three Functions of Family in Society Biological (reproduction) Biological (reproduction) But trend toward childless families may lead to population changes But trend toward childless families may lead to population changes Economic (care for and socialize children) Economic (care for and socialize children) Psychological (personal satisfaction) Psychological (personal satisfaction)

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 11 U.S. Families Today Recent changes in family structure and function Recent changes in family structure and function Commercial and industrial society (not agricultural) Commercial and industrial society (not agricultural) Urban-focused Urban-focused Increased wealth and leisure Increased wealth and leisure Fewer or no children (no longer economic asset) Fewer or no children (no longer economic asset) Women in work force Women in work force Child caregiving demands increase outside family Child caregiving demands increase outside family New moral mores New moral mores New roles for seniors New roles for seniors But family remains important But family remains important

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 12 Divorce Marriage and divorce rates currently falling Marriage and divorce rates currently falling Divorce statistics don’t tell whole story Divorce statistics don’t tell whole story Legal definitions changing Legal definitions changing Rise in singles AND single-parent households Rise in singles AND single-parent households

13. Divorce (con’t.) Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 13

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 14 Technology Affecting Families ’ Structure and Function Contraception Contraception Treating infertility Treating infertility Personal computers Personal computers Labor-saving machines Labor-saving machines

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 15 Challenges: Will the Family Survive? Social challenges (abortion, school prayer, busing, sex education) Social challenges (abortion, school prayer, busing, sex education) Marriage not only economic choice for women Marriage not only economic choice for women Changes in the workplace (family leave, flextime, childcare) may help Changes in the workplace (family leave, flextime, childcare) may help Family unit will change, not disappear Family unit will change, not disappear

16. © 2006 Alan S. Berger16 Definition of families and family types. ► Generically a family is a group of people, related by marriage, blood, or some other bond that would deal as a unit with the outside world ► Generically a family is a group of people, related by marriage, blood, or some other bond that would deal as a unit with the outside world ► Add to this definition that the outside world deals with this group as a unit. ► Add to this definition that the outside world deals with this group as a unit. ? Why does the media continually insist that the family is falling apart, and that family values have been lost? ? Why does the media continually insist that the family is falling apart, and that family values have been lost? ► The family is probably the oldest social unit, known to humanity, and is found in all societies throughout history. Despite what the media says, what is the evidence that it is failing?

17. © 2006 Alan S. Berger17 Family types based on structure ► Historically the most common type of family is the extended (also known as consanguine) which includes parents, children, and other blood relatives. In the largest form, this can be known as a clan. Where do clans exist today? How do they differ in important respects from the standard kind of family in this country, which is called the nuclear or conjugal family. ► The nuclear family is parents and children only. ► The nuclear family is parents and children only. ► The family in which you grow up is the family of orientation ► The family formed by the parents is the family of procreation. Two Parent Families One Parent Families

18. © 2006 Alan S. Berger18 How Common are single parent Families? How Common are single parent Families? the numerical decline in 2-parent families that began in the 1970s and stabilized in the 1980s appears to have reversed during the first half of the 1990s. the numerical decline in 2-parent families that began in the 1970s and stabilized in the 1980s appears to have reversed during the first half of the 1990s. There were about 25.1 million married-couple families with children in the United States in 1994, an increase of about 521,000 since 1990, the report said. There were about 25.1 million married-couple families with children in the United States in 1994, an increase of about 521,000 since 1990, the report said. There were an estimated 11.4 million single-parents in 1994. There were an estimated 11.4 million single-parents in 1994. Of that number, 9.0 million owned or rented their own home, Of that number, 9.0 million owned or rented their own home, 1.8 million lived in a relative's home (related subfamilies), 1.8 million lived in a relative's home (related subfamilies), 650,000 lived in the home of a non-relative (unrelated subfamilies). 650,000 lived in the home of a non-relative (unrelated subfamilies). In 1994, there were about 9.9 million single mothers versus 1.6 million single fathers. In 1994, there were about 9.9 million single mothers versus 1.6 million single fathers. About 38 percent of single parents in 1994 had never been married, and roughly the same proportion were divorced at the time. About 38 percent of single parents in 1994 had never been married, and roughly the same proportion were divorced at the time. Source : http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/cb95- 186.html Source : http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/cb95- 186.html

19. © 2006 Alan S. Berger19 Family types based on the number of mates. Family types based on the number of mates. Monogamy, and serial monogamy. Monogamy, and serial monogamy. Polygamy (multiple wives) Polygamy (multiple wives) Polyandry (multiple husbands) Polyandry (multiple husbands) Family types based on power relationships Family types based on power relationships Patriarchy (male domination) Patriarchy (male domination) Matriarchy (female domination) Matriarchy (female domination) Equality Equality What is the importance of last names ? What is the importance of last names ?

20. © 2006 Alan S. Berger20 The functions of family in society. Reproduction of the species. Reproduction of the species. Control of sexual relations. Control of sexual relations. The importance of family size and the changing of family size The importance of family size and the changing of family size Socialization Socialization Social change and the changing nature of family functions Social change and the changing nature of family functions Feminist revolution Feminist revolution The Good Wife's Guide The Good Wife's Guide The Good Wife's Guide The Good Wife's Guide

21. © 2006 Alan S. Berger21 Courtship Courtship Dating. Dating. Sex and single life, the double standard. Sex and single life, the double standard. Current issues. Current issues. Child-rearing and education. Child-rearing and education. Senior citizens. Senior citizens. Family disorganization and divorce. Family disorganization and divorce. Include family violence and abuse. Include family violence and abuse. Living together. Living together. New definitions of families. New definitions of families. Homosexual families. Homosexual families. Impact of technology on family. Impact of technology on family. Moving apart. Moving apart. Artificial insemination. Artificial insemination. Always working Always working