1. The Interwar Period 1917-1939

2. Interwar Period 1917-1939 1917-1939 The Years between WWI and WWII The Years between WWI and WWII Characterized by political, and economic instability  rise of dictators Characterized by political, and economic instability  rise of dictators

3. Europe in the Interwar Period Communism in the USSR Communism in the USSR Fascism in Italy Fascism in Italy Nazism in Germany Nazism in Germany

4. Communism in the USSR Bolshevik Revolution: November 1917  new gov’t Bolshevik Revolution: November 1917  new gov’t Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ends Russian involvement in WWI Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ends Russian involvement in WWI Lenin introduces New Economic Policy: Blends Communism with limited Capitalism Lenin introduces New Economic Policy: Blends Communism with limited Capitalism Lenin dies, Stalin Rules as Dictator Lenin dies, Stalin Rules as Dictator

5. Stalin’s Five Year Plans Introduces Five Years Plans to industrialize Russian economy and increase agricultural output Introduces Five Years Plans to industrialize Russian economy and increase agricultural output Industrialization increases Industrialization increases Collectivization leads to protests, famine and widespread deaths (4 -6 million died) Collectivization leads to protests, famine and widespread deaths (4 -6 million died)

6. Stalin’s Totalitarian Methods Campaign of Terror: The Great Purge Campaign of Terror: The Great Purge Propaganda: Socialist Realism Secret Police Propaganda: Socialist Realism Secret Police Censorship Censorship Closes Churches Closes Churches and replaces w/ and replaces w/ Communist Communist ideology ideology

7. Fascism in Italy Right-wing radicalism: anti- Communist, anti-capitalist, anti- democratic. Hyper nationalism Right-wing radicalism: anti- Communist, anti-capitalist, anti- democratic. Hyper nationalism Mussolini uses political and social upheaval to gain control Mussolini uses political and social upheaval to gain control Great Depression  dictatorial characteristics: secret police, censorship, state control of press, etc. Great Depression  dictatorial characteristics: secret police, censorship, state control of press, etc.

8. Nazism in Germany Nazi and German Communist Party undermine Weimar Republic Nazi and German Communist Party undermine Weimar Republic Enabling Act (March 1933) gives Hitler total control Enabling Act (March 1933) gives Hitler total control Hitler rules as dictator: bans all other political parties, controls press, censorship, secret police, massive public works projects, Nuremberg Laws (1935) Hitler rules as dictator: bans all other political parties, controls press, censorship, secret police, massive public works projects, Nuremberg Laws (1935)

9. Nationalism and Modernization in the Middle East Turkey Turkey Persia Persia Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia

10. Turkey Modernizes Mustafa Kemal Ataturk creates Turkish Republic (1923) Mustafa Kemal Ataturk creates Turkish Republic (1923) Rules as dictator, acts like democratic ruler Rules as dictator, acts like democratic ruler Modernizes Turkey: western industry, dress, education, roman alphabet, separates church and state Modernizes Turkey: western industry, dress, education, roman alphabet, separates church and state

11. Persia Controlled by Russia (North) and Britain (South) prior to WWI Controlled by Russia (North) and Britain (South) prior to WWI Qajar rulers had little real power Qajar rulers had little real power 1921 Reza Khan leads mutiny against Qajar Dynasty and expels British 1921 Reza Khan leads mutiny against Qajar Dynasty and expels British 1925 takes name Reza Shah Palovi, new dynasty; renames Persia Iran 1925 takes name Reza Shah Palovi, new dynasty; renames Persia Iran Westernization and rule similar to Turkey Westernization and rule similar to Turkey

12. Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia Remain under control of British, French, and Italians sue to gain League of Nations “Mandates” Remain under control of British, French, and Italians sue to gain League of Nations “Mandates” Blatant snub by Allied Powers Blatant snub by Allied Powers Nationalist movements gain momentum Nationalist movements gain momentum Balfour Declaration of 1917 creates Israel, becomes a symbol for Arab Unity Balfour Declaration of 1917 creates Israel, becomes a symbol for Arab Unity

13. Militarism and Revolution in Asia China China Japan Japan India India

14. China in the Interwar Period Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yat-Sen out of the presidency; forms a military dictatorship that governs Beijing through the 1920s Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yat-Sen out of the presidency; forms a military dictatorship that governs Beijing through the 1920s Conflict between conservatives and intellectuals who desire greater democratic freedoms Conflict between conservatives and intellectuals who desire greater democratic freedoms

15. Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists Sun Yat-Sen dies. New Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-Shek declares war on Communists Sun Yat-Sen dies. New Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-Shek declares war on Communists Mao and followers flee into mountains: The Long March Mao and followers flee into mountains: The Long March In mountains Mao rebuilds Communist party In mountains Mao rebuilds Communist party

16. Military takes over Japan At end of WWI, Japan growing into a strong democracy At end of WWI, Japan growing into a strong democracy Great Depression destroys economy Great Depression destroys economy Japan looks to China for wealth and begins conquest Japan looks to China for wealth and begins conquest Rape of Nanjing is one of the worst atrocities in the pre-WWI world Rape of Nanjing is one of the worst atrocities in the pre-WWI world

17. India in the Interwar Period Gandhi and Nehru work Gandhi and Nehru work for Indian independence for Indian independence Gov’t of India Act of 1921: Gov’t of India Act of 1921: 5 million Indians to vote for 5 million Indians to vote for parliament parliament Salt March: Gandhi leads Salt March: Gandhi leads 50,000 people to protest 50,000 people to protest against British salt tax against British salt tax 1937 Quit India Campaign: 1937 Quit India Campaign: to convince Britain to give to convince Britain to give up total control of India up total control of India

18. Dictatorship in Latin America US’s role in Latin America US’s role in Latin America Mexico Mexico Brazil Brazil Argentina Argentina

19. Economy helps Latin American Dictators Gain Power Major economic control Major economic control Good Neighbor Policy: Goal to pull US troops out of Latin America and ease tension Good Neighbor Policy: Goal to pull US troops out of Latin America and ease tension Great Depression destroys most Latin American economies Great Depression destroys most Latin American economies Dictators come to power in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil Dictators come to power in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil

20. World War II The Road to War The Road to War Early Axis Victories (1939-1942) Early Axis Victories (1939-1942) Allied push leads to Victory Allied push leads to Victory The Holocaust and other War Crimes The Holocaust and other War Crimes Creation of the United Nations Creation of the United Nations

21. The Road to War! Aggressive actions by Italy, Germany, and Japan show the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations Aggressive actions by Italy, Germany, and Japan show the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations League of Nations attempts appeasement to prevent war League of Nations attempts appeasement to prevent war Hitler’s invasion of Poland  Britain and France declare war on Germany Hitler’s invasion of Poland  Britain and France declare war on Germany

22. The Axis Triumphs(1939-1941) Italy and Germany win many key battles Italy and Germany win many key battles 1941Lithuania, Albania, Bosnia, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and FRANCE fall to the Axis 1941Lithuania, Albania, Bosnia, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and FRANCE fall to the Axis The Battle of Britain shows Britain will not be easily defeated The Battle of Britain shows Britain will not be easily defeated Germany begins Operation Barbarosa Germany begins Operation Barbarosa

23. The Turning Points of the War Pearl Harbor brings US into WWII Pearl Harbor brings US into WWII Allied Victories weaken Axis offensive in: Allied Victories weaken Axis offensive in: Midway Midway El Alamein El Alamein Stalingrad Stalingrad D-Day June 1944 leads to V-E Day D-Day June 1944 leads to V-E Day US Drops A-bombs on Japan forcing V-J Day in 1945 US Drops A-bombs on Japan forcing V-J Day in 1945

36. Holocaust and Atrocities Japanese War Crimes Japanese War Crimes Nazi Nazi War Crimes Trials War Crimes Trials Creation of United Nations Creation of United Nations

37. Japanese War Crimes Rape of Nanjing 1937: Hundreds of thousands butchered, raped and mutilated as Japan takes Nanjing Rape of Nanjing 1937: Hundreds of thousands butchered, raped and mutilated as Japan takes Nanjing Bataan Death March Bataan Death March Prisoners of War tortured and used as test subjects Prisoners of War tortured and used as test subjects

38. Nazi War Crimes Nuremberg Laws strip away basic rights from Germany’s Jewish population Nuremberg Laws strip away basic rights from Germany’s Jewish population Ghettoization Ghettoization 12 Million killed 12 Million killed 6 Million Jews 6 Million Jews 6 Million non-Jews: Rom, Slavs, Homosexuals, Physically and Mentally Handicapped, Political Dissidents 6 Million non-Jews: Rom, Slavs, Homosexuals, Physically and Mentally Handicapped, Political Dissidents

42. War Crime Trials Leaders of the Japanese and Nazis were put on trial in international tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany and Tokyo, Japan Leaders of the Japanese and Nazis were put on trial in international tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany and Tokyo, Japan Many important rulings made Many important rulings made Soldiers “following orders” are responsible for atrocities they commit Soldiers “following orders” are responsible for atrocities they commit Commanders are responsible for their subordinates Commanders are responsible for their subordinates Manufacturers of Zyklon-B and death camp owners responsible for murders Manufacturers of Zyklon-B and death camp owners responsible for murders

43. United Nations Established Keep Peace Keep Peace Protect Human Rights Protect Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by General Assembly Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by General Assembly Security Council-15 members/5 Permanent Security Council-15 members/5 Permanent Can send troops Can send troops General Assembly-All member nations General Assembly-All member nations