1. Classification

2. From Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) to Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), scientists who proposed the earliest classification systems divided living organisms into two kingdoms: plants and animals.

3. Carl Linne (born in 1707) had an interest in the gardens and fields around him. He took his interest with him all the way through school, university, and medical training. Once at the University he was influenced by the botanist Olof Celsius, who further encouraged him. He eventually published the results of his studies (Systema Naturae), which brought him a world wide reputation.

4. Carolus Linnaeus used Latin for everything, including his name! He is considered to be the founder of modern taxonomy. Like Aristotle before him, Linnaeus used logic in devising his classification scheme. But he introduced a new idea: a hierarchy of nested groups within groups or taxonomy.

5. Linneaus’ major groupings were: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Linnaeus followed the practice, started by Aristotle, of naming each unique form of an organism by it's Genus name, followed by a differentia phrase (species), added to describe what made that particular organism unique.

6. During the nineteenth century, Ernst Haeckel (1834- 1919) proposed establishing a third kingdom (Protista) for simple organisms that did not appear to fit in either the plant or animal kingdom. He was the first to coin the term "protist" or "Protista," although his definition also included bacteria. 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (3D image) 1931 Electron Microscope 19 th Century- Prototype Compound Scope; Improved Resolution 18 th Century Various Innovations In Lenses 1674 van Leeuwenhoek invented 1 st Simple Microscope 1665 Hooke Named “Cells” Using Simple Lens Ca. 1284 1 st Wearable Eyeglasses Ca. 1000 AD Reading Stone/hand lens A Brief History Of the Microscope

7. Ernst Haeckel is attributed as being the first to describe evolutionary relationships among living organisms as analogous to a tree. Haeckel also postulated a common origin for all life (plants, animals and microbes).

8. The most common protista examples include amoeba, plasmodium, pararamecium, slime mold, red, brown and golden algae, fungi, and diatoms.

9. Some General Protista Characteristics Mostly unicellular, some multicellular or colonial Free living or parasites Have mitochondria for cellular respiration (aerobic) True eukaryotes: nucleated Reproduce sexually or asexually 3 types: animal like, fungus like, or plant-like. According to categories, they have different modes of nutrition (heterotrophic or autotrophic) Plant-like protists have chlorophyll and accessory pigments (xanthophylls & carotene)

10. 1- Bacteria/Prokaryotae (originally called Monera) 2- Protista 3- Fungi 4- Plantae 5- Animalia This classification system is still widely accepted 1969- R. H. Whitaker proposed a system of classification based on five different kingdoms:

11. Kingdom Monera included single-celled prokaryotes (organisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei e.g: bacteria, cyanobacteria/blue-green algae & spirochetes.) Kingdom Fungi are group of multi-cellular, eukaryotic, non-motile organisms. Members belonging to this kingdom lack chlorophyll, hence they are differentiated from plants. Examples include: molds, yeasts, mildews, smuts and mushrooms. Fungi derive their nutrients by absorption from dead and decaying organic materials.

12. In the 1970s, Dr. Carl Woese found evidence for a previously unknown group of prokaryotic organisms. These organisms lived in extreme environments: deep sea vents, hot springs, the Dead Sea, acid lakes, & salt evaporation ponds.

13. Because they appeared prokaryotic, they were considered bacteria and named "archaebacteria" ('ancient' bacteria). A six-kingdom system of classification was proposed in 1977 by Carl Woese (1928-2012). The groups proposed in the six-kingdom approach are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria (both for bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

14. Biochemical characteristics and DNA sequence analysis later showed that there were numerous differences between these archaebacteria and other bacteria. Before long, it was realized that these archaebacteria were more closely related to the eukaryotes (including ourselves!) than to bacteria. Today, these bacteria have been renamed Archaea.

15. In 1981 Dr. Woese proposed that there should be a new category of classification of life. The Domain is a classification category above Kingdom.

16. Protists are so varied many scientists do not group them as a single kingdom.

17. They are now known to be closely related to storks. Like storks, they cool their legs by defecating on them for the evaporative effect. Science at Work: New World Vultures have been reclassified due to recent DNA analysis. Previously, they were classified with Old World Vultures due to physical characteristics. Similarities between Old World & New World Vultures (bald heads, beaks which can tear meat, & regurgitating food to feed young) are the result of convergent evolution. These adaptations for feeding on carrion evolved independently.

18. Classification video 1 goes here.

19. TAXONOMY Science of classification Based on similarities of structure: Internal; external; cellular Based on evolutionary relationships

20. Main Idea 1 In binomial nomenclature, each animal is assigned a two-part scientific name. Seven taxonomic categories are used to group organisms (species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom).

21. Main Idea 2 Living things are classified within 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea (together make Monera), and Eukarya. Living things are further classified into 6 kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria (Monera), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

24. FIVE KINGDOMS Monera Kingdom Kingdom Protista Kingdom Phylum Fungi Kingdom Class Plant Kingdom Order Animal Kingdom Family Genus Species

25. King Phillip Comes Over For Good Spaghetti Kingston Police Come Over For Gun Shots Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kareem Possesses Cool Old Fat Girl’s Slippers

29. *3 chamber heart *excrete uric acid *internal fertilization *external development *4 chamber heart *excrete uric acid *internal fertilization *internal development *2 chamber heart *excrete uric acid *external fertilization *external development & scales *hollow bones *4 chamber heart *excrete uric acid *internal fertilization *external development *3 chamber heart *external fert/dev

31. Main Idea 3 Scientific names of organisms are based on a classification system. Scientists often use a dichotomous key as a classification tool.

32. Dichotomous Key A Dichotomous Key is a tool used to identify organisms or objects based on their differences. Example #1: Given the following shapes, use the dichotomous key to identify them.

33. Main Idea 4 A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. Similarities at the molecular level in the genes of organisms can be used to help determine classification.

34. Species – Able to mate and produce fertile offspring Scientific Name: Genus + species (genus is always capitalized; species never is) Human: Homo sapiens Common names: 1. Different languages 2. Multiple names for same organism Puma = cougar = mountain lion 3. Sometimes names are incorrect Starfish = not a fish

36. Bearcat Electric Eel Killer Whale American Buffalo Jelly Fish Star Fish Flying Lemur Koala Bear A binturong is no relation to a bear or cat. The electric eel is a type of knife fish. Orcinus orca is neither a whale nor a fish, but a dolphin The American Buffalo is a bison. A flying lemer can’t fly, it glides. Also, it’s a dermoptera, not a lemur. A koala is marsupial not a bear. Starfish and jelly fish are invertebrates, not fish. Animals with Misleading Common Names

41. Chordates include vertebrates & some invertebrates that have a hollow notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail (at some point).

43. Classification video 2 goes here.