3. "New Immigration" occurred after 1880 1850-1880, over 6 million immigrants arrived (part of "Old Immigration") Most were Anglo-Saxon from Britain & W. Europe (Germany, Scandinavia) Most were literate and easily adapted to American society

4. Between 1880 and 1920 about 27 million Immigrants came to the U.S Most came from Eastern and Southern Europe Italians, Jews, Poles, Greeks, Hungarians, Croat/Slovenian, Slovaks, & Bulgarian/Serbian/Montenegrin, Czech "New Immigration" occurred after 1880

5. By 1910 1/3 of Americans were either foreign born or had 1 parent foreign born. (only 19% in 1890). Many were Orthodox Christians or Jewish (from Eastern Europe). Came from countries with little democracy. Heavily illiterate "New Immigration" occurred after 1880

6. Immigrants Struggled To Maintain Their Cultures In America Many Catholic parochial schools & Jewish Hebrew schools established Foreign-language newspapers, theaters, food stores, restaurants, parishes, social clubs 1st generation Americans often rejected parents' culture; became mainstreamed

7. Overpopulation in Europe and rapid industrialization left many with either no where to go or forced many to change their customary occupations. America seen as a land of opportunity (conditions in Europe dismal) Why Immigration From Eastern and Southern Europe?

8. Statue of Liberty erected in New York harbor, a gift from the French. "Give us your tired, your poor/ Your huddled masses yearning to breath free/ The wretched refuse of your teeming shore." Why Immigration From Eastern and Southern Europe?

9. 1,593,000181,18802,753,00926,0001,110,0001,847,0001,069,0005,780,000540,0002,928,000 Chart: Rise of Immigrants

10. RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern EuropeEurope Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNortheast Became farmersUnskilled workers ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern EuropeEurope Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNortheast Became farmersUnskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants

11. Nativists viewed Eastern and Southern Europeans as culturally and religiously exotic and often treated them badly. Alarmed at high birthrates common among people of low standard of living.

12. More alarmed at prospect of mongrelized America with a mixture of "inferior" South European blood. Angry at immigrant willingness to work for "starvation" wages. Concerned at foreign doctrines e.g. socialism, communism & anarchism.

13. American Protective Association Americans formed groups to opposed the “immigrant threat” Supported laws to restrict certain groups of immigrants. Immigrant groups Immigrant groups: Chinese, Central and Southern Europeans. Why did Old Immigrants resent New Immigrants? “inferior stocks”

14. American Protective Association Plot by European governments to unload their prisoners and mentally ill. Chinese worked for 5 years and left the U.S. with U.S. money Labor Unions hated immigrants because employers would hire “scab” labor to replace workers if they had a “Labor Strike” US Govt. restricts immigration with the following: Chinese Exclusion Act and Ellis Island

15. Congregational minister who condemned cities as wicked places Disliked immigrants and their impact on cities

16. Also condemned real city problems such as low worker wages leading to gambling, robbery, and extortion for survival.

17. Urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office. Soon, claimed a million members. Labor leaders infuriated at use of immigrants as strike breakers.

19. Cartoon: Immigration Old Immigrants resented the New Immigrants. New Immigrants came to this country for the same reasons as the Old Immigrants.

20. Cleveland quote on Immigration

21. Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. First law to restrict immigration. Taking away jobs from Nativists Chinese Exclusion Act 1

23. Chinese Exclusion Act 2 President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress would override it. He would not be re-elected. Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s.

24. Built in 1892 as the 1 st “Immigration Center” Closed in the 1940s Today it is a museum.

26. The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe. Immigrants took physical examinations and were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the US mainland.

29. 1900  76 million population  60% lived in rural areas1900  76 million population  60% lived in rural areas 1870  40 million population  75% lived in rural areas1870  40 million population  75% lived in rural areas

30. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. Cities

31. Cities grew rapidly  near raw materials  industrial areas  transportation routes.  Opportunities in the job market. Terrible Conditions  Poor sanitary and living conditions  Tenement apartments  Sweathouses

32. urbanization  Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities  Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs

33.  Americanization  Americanization —assimilate people into main culture  Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills English, American history, cooking, etiquette  Ethnic communities provide social support

34.  Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities  Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood  1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence  Find segregation, discrimination in North also  Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

35.  Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses  Later, row houses built for single families  Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house

36. Tenements Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary

37.  Mass transit  Mass transit — move large numbers of people along fixed routes  By 20 th century, transit systems link city to suburbs

38. Water  1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare  Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Sanitation  Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection  Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses-------often do not do job properly  By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

39. Crime  As population grows, thieves flourish  Early police forces too small to be effective Fire  Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters  Most firefighters volunteers, not always available  1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments  Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

40. Cities provided opportunities Machine-made jobs high wages ended monotony of the farm. Cities provided opportunities Machine-made jobs high wages ended monotony of the farm. Cities

41. Job opportunities for Women School teaching Domestic service Women doctors Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910. Job opportunities for Women School teaching Domestic service Women doctors Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.

42. Cities were attractive with telephones bright lights and electricity. Central heating public water systems indoor plumbing sewage disposal asphalt pavements and transportation. Cities were attractive with telephones bright lights and electricity. Central heating public water systems indoor plumbing sewage disposal asphalt pavements and transportation. Cities

43. Cities had many faces Slums Criminals Beggars Pollution bad smells grafters (corrupt politicians) Cities had many faces Slums Criminals Beggars Pollution bad smells grafters (corrupt politicians) Cities

44. Cities offered beautiful parks, museums, libraries, churches, hospitals and schools. Became the intellectual nerve center of the country. Cities offered beautiful parks, museums, libraries, churches, hospitals and schools. Became the intellectual nerve center of the country. Cities

45. Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community

46. Many American nativists disliked new immigrants because they would not assimilate into American society. segregated Would stay segregated in their ethnic neighborhoods.

47. Exposed dirt, disease, vice, and misery of rat-infested New York slums Heavily influenced President T. Roosevelt

55. Detailed the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government

56. Social Crusaders Tried To Improve The “Shame of the Cities“ Social Gospel advocates emerged: Christianity should improve life on earth rather than waiting for the afterlife. Motivation: fear of violent revolution among the working class

57. Social Crusaders Tried To Improve The “Shame of the Cities“ Sought to improve problems of alcoholism & unemployment Tried to mediate between managers and unions Motivation: fear of violent revolution among the working class

58. The Settlement House Movement Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

59. Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants Run by college-educated women, they: - provide educational, cultural, social services - send visiting nurses to the sick - help with personal, job, financial problems

60. One of first generation of college-educated women who believed living among the poor would appeal to young educated women who needed firsthand experience with the realities of poverty in the city.

61. Established Hull House in Chicago (along with Ellen Gates Starr) Place where immigrants were taught English, classes in nutrition, health, and child care, social gatherings.

62. Helped immigrants cope with American big-city life. Became a model for other settlement homes in other cities. Condemned war as well as poverty and won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

63. Established in 1881 by Clara Barton who had been a leading nurse during the Civil War. Municipal Housekeeping: concentrated on quality of life in poor neighborhoods. Street cleaning, slaughterhouses and butchering, sanitation in public schools, pure milk and water, and suppression of vice.

64. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals founded in 1866. YWCA founded in 1858: helped young women in urban areas.