1. Antebellum Missouri Political Turmoil, Bleeding Kansas & the true beginning of the American Civil War

2. Building up to the Civil War Congress Congress –11 free and 11 slave states –Missouri would petition to enter, this would upset the balance of power The Civil War The Civil War –Waiting for a time and place to happen –Most important event in US history –The events leading up to the Civil War are worth studying in detail

3. Missouri Compromise of 1820 First major controversy over slavery First major controversy over slavery Questions that arose: Questions that arose: –Would Missouri come in as a slave state or a free state? –Who determines whether a state is slave or free? –Is slavery allowed in a territory? –Are slaves property?

4. In 1819, the territory of Missouri applied for statehood Slavery already well established there: it had a population of about 60,000 and 10,000 of those were slaves When Missouri’s application was being considered by Congress, Representative James Tallmadge Jr. of New York introduced an amendment prohibiting the introduction of any more slaves into Missouri and providing for the gradual emancipation of those who already lived there So-called Tallmadge Amendment would start controversy that would rage for the next two years

5. ISSUES By 1819, the concept of a balance of power between North and South was well-developed By 1819, the concept of a balance of power between North and South was well-developed –Ever since 1789, new states had come into the union more-or- less in pairs  One from the North, one from the South –In early 1819, the Union contained an equal number of free and slave states  Eleven each  Even balanced in the Senate, although free states had slight majority in the House of Representatives –Admission of Missouri as a slave state would tip balance in South’s favor Federalists saw Missouri issue as way to revive their fortunes Federalists saw Missouri issue as way to revive their fortunes –By appealing to Northerners on the issue of preventing the extension of slavery, Federalists hoped to win Northern Republicans away from the southern leadership of the party –Wanted to create new sectional alignment of political parties that would benefit them  A solidly anti-slavery Federalist North against a pro-slavery Republican South

6. The Missouri Compromise Senator J.B. Thomas and Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) Senator J.B. Thomas and Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) Maine was petitioning to become a state as well Maine was petitioning to become a state as well –Missouri would be slave –Maine would be free No slavery allowed 36˚30’ latitude line in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase No slavery allowed 36˚30’ latitude line in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase Henry Clay

7. Two-part compromise broke deadlock Engineered by Henry Clay Called Missouri Compromise or Compromise of 1820 Missouri let in as slave state and Maine let in as free state Balance in Senate remained equal—24 senators each To appease abolitionist sentiment in the North, a line was drawn along southern border of Missouri No slavery would be allowed in territory north of this line

8. Mexican Cession Lands How should America deal with the spread of slavery into the new lands? How should America deal with the spread of slavery into the new lands? free slave

9. The New Territories and the Wilmot Proviso The expansion of the American territories grew considerably after the War with Mexico. The expansion of the American territories grew considerably after the War with Mexico. Concerned with ensuring prohibition of slavery in the newly acquired territories, David Wilmot, a politician from Pennsylvania proposed before Congress the Wilmot Proviso. Concerned with ensuring prohibition of slavery in the newly acquired territories, David Wilmot, a politician from Pennsylvania proposed before Congress the Wilmot Proviso. This provision called for a prohibition in the territories recently acquired from Mexico. This provision called for a prohibition in the territories recently acquired from Mexico. While the Wilmot Proviso was passed by the House in 1846, it was rejected by the Senate. Proposed again in 1847, the Proviso was yet again rejected by the Senate. While the Wilmot Proviso was passed by the House in 1846, it was rejected by the Senate. Proposed again in 1847, the Proviso was yet again rejected by the Senate.

10. Reactions in the “North” “… we will establish a cordon of free States that shall surround you; and then we will light up the fires of liberty on every side, until they melt your present chains, and render all your people free. This is no idle boost. “… we will establish a cordon of free States that shall surround you; and then we will light up the fires of liberty on every side, until they melt your present chains, and render all your people free. This is no idle boost. Columbus Delano Columbus Delano Whig, future Republican, Ohio

11. “Southern” Response If the “aggressive measures” of the nonslaveholding states continued and if the sectional balance in the Senate was destroyed, then “political revolution, anarchy, civil war, and widespread disaster” would follow. John C. Calhoun Democrat, South Carolina

12. The Silent Majority? “… out of the state of South Carolina … Mr. Calhoun was not sustained in any State of this Union by five per cent. Of the population. In fact, his strength at the South was about as great as that of the abolitionists at the North. His violence or denunciation was food for the abolitionsists, just as their fanaticism gave him materials to work with. Thomas L. Clingman Democrat, North Carolina

13. Southerners were enraged with the growing abolitionist sentiment embodied in the Wilmot Proviso. Southerners were enraged with the growing abolitionist sentiment embodied in the Wilmot Proviso. In reaction, the outspoken and pro-slavery Senator from South Carolina, John C. Calhoun issued his "Southern Address". In reaction, the outspoken and pro-slavery Senator from South Carolina, John C. Calhoun issued his "Southern Address". –“Such then being the case, it would be to insult you to suppose you could hesitate. To destroy the existing relation between the free and servile races at the South would lead to consequences unparalleled in history.” The address, in defense of slavery, calls for a uniting of the southern states in order to defend what Calhoun deemed their "right" to own slaves. The address, in defense of slavery, calls for a uniting of the southern states in order to defend what Calhoun deemed their "right" to own slaves. The address seems to indicate that Calhoun, representing Southern interests, viewed the southern slave states as the actual victims of the northern abolitionists. The address seems to indicate that Calhoun, representing Southern interests, viewed the southern slave states as the actual victims of the northern abolitionists. Calhoun claimed the Proviso unconstitutional, ushering in debate concerning the constitutionality of anti-slavery laws in the new territories. Calhoun claimed the Proviso unconstitutional, ushering in debate concerning the constitutionality of anti-slavery laws in the new territories.

14. 1849 California Gold Rush 1000s move to California 1000s move to California California applies to become a free state California applies to become a free state So??? So???

15. Compromise of 1850 1849, California Gold Rush 1849, California Gold Rush –Qualified for statehood Controversy Controversy –California wanted to enter as a free state  Opposed by the South  Part of CA was below the Missouri Compromise line Compromise line Debate in Congress Debate in Congress –Henry Clay (free) –John C. Calhoun (slave) Two questions to answer Two questions to answer –Are slaves property? –Should Congress make the decision about slavery? Webster Clay Calhoun

16. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay proposed a compromise to determine whether California would be a free or slave state Henry Clay proposed a compromise to determine whether California would be a free or slave state Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun debated for days Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun debated for days

17. Parts of Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state California admitted as a free state Popular sovereignty would settle future debate on how a state would enter the union Popular sovereignty would settle future debate on how a state would enter the union Stricter fugitive slave law Stricter fugitive slave law No slave trade in Washington, D.C. No slave trade in Washington, D.C.

18. Compromise of 1850

19. Describe slavery... http://www.mostateparks.com/statecapco mplex/statemuseum/se_narratives.htm http://www.mostateparks.com/statecapco mplex/statemuseum/se_narratives.htm http://www.mostateparks.com/statecapco mplex/statemuseum/se_narratives.htm http://www.mostateparks.com/statecapco mplex/statemuseum/se_narratives.htm

20. Sectionalism Feeling more loyal to a certain part of the country than to the country as a whole. You identify with that section more. Feeling more loyal to a certain part of the country than to the country as a whole. You identify with that section more.

21. SECTIONALISM Argument Popular with Early Southern Historians and Progressives Argument Popular with Early Southern Historians and Progressives –Argues North and South, and even West distinct cultures and economies  South cash crop agricultural, Jeffersonian ideology, aristocratic values, slave labor force, rural society  North commercial and industrial, Hamiltonian ideology, Puritan values, free labor, urban society  West livestock and grain agriculture, Jacksonian ideology, independent, family labor, frontier society (D. H. Fischer) –The differences created cultural, economic, and political divisions during the Antebellum Period

22. Internal Improvements Southern River systems provided easy and cheap transportation. Westerners and Easterners wanted federal funding to build roads, canals, and railroads. Southern River systems provided easy and cheap transportation. Westerners and Easterners wanted federal funding to build roads, canals, and railroads. National Road (1806- 1818) National Road (1806- 1818) http://www.nps.gov/f one/natlroad.htm http://www.nps.gov/f one/natlroad.htm http://www.nps.gov/f one/natlroad.htm http://www.nps.gov/f one/natlroad.htm

23. National Bank Northern industrialists and commercial interests wanted a central bank to regulate the money supply. Westerners and Southerners were generally against a national bank. Northern industrialists and commercial interests wanted a central bank to regulate the money supply. Westerners and Southerners were generally against a national bank. Jackson’s Veto of the 2 nd Bank of the U.S. (1832) Jackson’s Veto of the 2 nd Bank of the U.S. (1832) http://www.whitehousehi story.org/04/subs/04_b_1 832.html http://www.whitehousehi story.org/04/subs/04_b_1 832.html http://www.whitehousehi story.org/04/subs/04_b_1 832.html http://www.whitehousehi story.org/04/subs/04_b_1 832.html

24. Expansion Southern farming techniques and westerners demand for cheap land conflicted with Northern industrial attempts to secure cheap labor Southern farming techniques and westerners demand for cheap land conflicted with Northern industrial attempts to secure cheap labor Examples Examples –Louisiana Purchase (1803) –Missouri Compromise (1820) –Annexation of Texas (1845) –Oregon Treaty (1846) –Mexican-American War (1848) –Gadsden Purchase (1853) http://edtech.kennesaw.e du/web/westward.html http://edtech.kennesaw.e du/web/westward.html http://edtech.kennesaw.e du/web/westward.html http://edtech.kennesaw.e du/web/westward.html

25. States Rights Southern fears of the larger population in the North and Jeffersonian ideology that argued democracy worked better with smaller population led them to fear the central government Southern fears of the larger population in the North and Jeffersonian ideology that argued democracy worked better with smaller population led them to fear the central government Examples Examples –Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) –South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) –Popular Sovereignty http://www.civilwarhome. com/wheelercauses.htm http://www.civilwarhome. com/wheelercauses.htm http://www.civilwarhome. com/wheelercauses.htm http://www.civilwarhome. com/wheelercauses.htm

26. Cultural Differences Nothern Culture represented as money hungry, and exploitive of workers. Seen by Southerners as mercenary and cowardly. Northerners believed they were more humane and industrious Nothern Culture represented as money hungry, and exploitive of workers. Seen by Southerners as mercenary and cowardly. Northerners believed they were more humane and industrious Southern Culture represented as abusive and violent. Northerners felt they were ignorant and lazy. Southerners felt they represented aristocratic values. Southern Culture represented as abusive and violent. Northerners felt they were ignorant and lazy. Southerners felt they represented aristocratic values. http://www.olemiss.edu/ depts/south/ http://www.olemiss.edu/ depts/south/ http://www.olemiss.edu/ depts/south/ http://www.olemiss.edu/ depts/south/

27. Transcontinental Railroad In 1854, controversy began over the route of the transcontinental RR In 1854, controversy began over the route of the transcontinental RR North Route North Route –Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas—”Little Giant” –Illinois to California Middle Route Middle Route –Proposed by Senator Thomas Hart Benton of MO –Wanted the RR to pass through St. Louis Southern Route Southern Route –Secretary of War—Jefferson Davis of MS –New Orleans, Memphis, Gadsden Purchase

28. Transcontinental Railroad All three routes would eventually be completed All three routes would eventually be completed –Middle route was first; Central Pacific connected with the Union Pacific on May 10, 1869 Douglas decided that a central route through IL, KS, and MO would receive the most support Douglas decided that a central route through IL, KS, and MO would receive the most support –Joined forces with Benton to get central route approved by Congress –Not finished until end of war Completion of railroad at Promontory Point, Utah

30. Results of the Transcontinental Railroad Route Kansas Territory became important because it would ask for statehood before Utah and New Mexico Kansas Territory became important because it would ask for statehood before Utah and New Mexico Compromise of 1850 did not apply here Compromise of 1850 did not apply here Douglas proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 to determine if these territories would have slavery Douglas proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 to determine if these territories would have slavery Should they have even discussed slavery here? Should they have even discussed slavery here? Hint: Missouri Compromise (36º30’ line)

31. Kansas-Nebraska Act Proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas (IL) Proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas (IL) Wanted the Northern railroad to run through Chicago Wanted the Northern railroad to run through Chicago Divided Kansas into two new territories, KS and NE Divided Kansas into two new territories, KS and NE Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Ignored the MO Compromise of 1820-36’ 30” line Ignored the MO Compromise of 1820-36’ 30” line Favored by the South Favored by the South Passed after a fierce debate in Congress Passed after a fierce debate in Congress Stephen A. Douglas

32. Slavery in Kansas/Nebraska? Douglas thought the idea absurd, it was geographically impossible for slavery to exist there? So his thought, we need a railroad, so who cares if they want to have slaves in a northern climate…it will die out? Douglas thought the idea absurd, it was geographically impossible for slavery to exist there? So his thought, we need a railroad, so who cares if they want to have slaves in a northern climate…it will die out? Result: wrong. This became a fury! Result: wrong. This became a fury!

33. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Nebraska Territory was divided into two parts: Nebraska (NE) and Kansas (KS). The people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)

34. The race is on… Populate Kansas as quickly as possible with free soilers and pro slavery forces. Populate Kansas as quickly as possible with free soilers and pro slavery forces. Congressional quotes! Congressional quotes! “There are 1,1000 coming over from Platte, Co. to vote and if that ain’t enough we can send 5,000-enough to kill every #$%# abolitionist in the territory.” “There are 1,1000 coming over from Platte, Co. to vote and if that ain’t enough we can send 5,000-enough to kill every #$%# abolitionist in the territory.”

35. Quotes: “Come on Gentleman of the slave states, since there is no escaping your challenge, I accept it on behalf of freedom. We will engage in competition for the virgin soil of Kansas, and God give victory of the side which is stronger in numbers as it is in right”. “Come on Gentleman of the slave states, since there is no escaping your challenge, I accept it on behalf of freedom. We will engage in competition for the virgin soil of Kansas, and God give victory of the side which is stronger in numbers as it is in right”.

36. Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act Southern reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was largely supportive. Southern reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was largely supportive. Debow's Review, a southern journal largely dedicated to agricultural and political issues, printed the following article entitled "Kansas Matters" in May of 1856. Debow's Review, a southern journal largely dedicated to agricultural and political issues, printed the following article entitled "Kansas Matters" in May of 1856.

37. The article encourages southerners to relocate to Kansas for many of the same reasons northern abolitionists wished to, largely to influence the vote on slavery. The article encourages southerners to relocate to Kansas for many of the same reasons northern abolitionists wished to, largely to influence the vote on slavery. –“Missouri has done nobly, thus far, in overcoming the thousands who have been sent out by Abolition Aid Societies; we cannot hold out much longer unless the whole South will come to the rescue. We need men; we need money; send us both, and that quickly. Do not delay; come as individuals, come in companies, come by thousands.” Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

38. Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act: The New England Emigrant Aid Company Eli Thayer of Massachusetts organized The New England Emigrant Aid Company Eli Thayer of Massachusetts organized The New England Emigrant Aid Company The notion of popular sovereignty espoused in the act incited Thayer to create an organization that would encourage the emigration of New England abolitionists to Kansas in order to vote against slavery. The notion of popular sovereignty espoused in the act incited Thayer to create an organization that would encourage the emigration of New England abolitionists to Kansas in order to vote against slavery. The following speech by Gerrit Smith of the New England Emigrant Aid Company outlines the goals of the organization, while describing the situation that was arising in Kansas. The following speech by Gerrit Smith of the New England Emigrant Aid Company outlines the goals of the organization, while describing the situation that was arising in Kansas.following speech by Gerrit Smith following speech by Gerrit Smith

39. The Abolitionist Movement Started by Quakers Started by Quakers Slavery was becoming a moral issue Slavery was becoming a moral issue Two types of abolitionists Two types of abolitionists 1.Gradual Emancipation—slowly end slavery in the South Free 10% of slaves a year until all are freedFree 10% of slaves a year until all are freed Pay Southerners to free slaves because of economic needPay Southerners to free slaves because of economic need 2.Immediate Emancipation—get rid of slavery NOW Saw slavery as a sin; a moral wrongSaw slavery as a sin; a moral wrong

40. Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison –The Liberator Henry Ward Beecher Henry Ward Beecher –Methodist minister –Used a mock slave auction to inform people about the horrors of slavery Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass –Free black man –Son of former slave –Son of both black and white parents

41. Abolitionists Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman –Underground Railroad  Secret  Used Railroad terms –Conductor, station, etc Elijah P. Lovejoy Elijah P. Lovejoy –Printing press –Murdered by an angry mob

42. Free Soil Party Free Soil Party Created in the 1850’s Created in the 1850’s Anti-extension of slavery into new territories Anti-extension of slavery into new territories Eventually new members would join the new Republican party Eventually new members would join the new Republican party

43. Know-Nothing Party Another third party Another third party Founded in 1856 Founded in 1856 Nativists Nativists Wanted to limit foreigners from immigrating, particularly Irish Wanted to limit foreigners from immigrating, particularly Irish Split over the issue of slavery just as the Whigs did Split over the issue of slavery just as the Whigs did Official name: American Party Official name: American Party

44. Impact of Kansas/Nebraska Act The reopening of the slavery question in the territories with almost immediate tragic results in “Bleeding Kansas” The reopening of the slavery question in the territories with almost immediate tragic results in “Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas The president's hope for reelection dashed The president's hope for reelection dashed The complete realignment of the major political parties The complete realignment of the major political parties The Democrats lost influence in the North and were to become the regional proslavery party of the South The Democrats lost influence in the North and were to become the regional proslavery party of the South The Whig Party, which had opposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act, died in the South and was weakened in the North The Whig Party, which had opposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act, died in the South and was weakened in the NorthWhig PartyWhig Party A new Republican Party emerged as an immediate political force, drawing in anti-Nebraska Whigs and Democrats. A new Republican Party emerged as an immediate political force, drawing in anti-Nebraska Whigs and Democrats.Republican PartyRepublican Party

45. Bleeding Kansas Free staters and slave owners moved to Kansas for the vote Free staters and slave owners moved to Kansas for the vote Two territorial governments were set up Two territorial governments were set up –Shawnee and Topeka –Both made laws intended to govern the whole state May 1856, proslavery Kansasans launched a raid against Lawrence May 1856, proslavery Kansasans launched a raid against Lawrence –Two free staters were killed John Brown led counterattack at Pottawotamie Creek John Brown led counterattack at Pottawotamie Creek First major violence over slavery First major violence over slavery

46. Both sides claimed victory on the vote! “Bleeding Kansas” Before the vote on slavery: Northerners crossed the border to keep KS a free state. Southerners crossed the border to make KS a slave state.

47. George S. Park, the founder of Parkville, Missouri, and owner of the Parkville Luminary newspaper, dared to speak out against the actions of the "Border Ruffians." As a result, they took revenge by breaking into the newspaper office and throwing the printing press into the nearby Missouri River.

48. Territorial Governor Andrew Reeder fled the territory disguised as a woodcutter because the proslavery Border Ruffians threatened to hang him.

49. Pearl-handled sword of Col. Henry Theodore Titus, leader of pro-slavery forces during “Bleeding Kansas”.

50. Bleeding Kansas The Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in emigration of Americans to the region affecting the vote concerning legality of slavery in Kansas. The Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in emigration of Americans to the region affecting the vote concerning legality of slavery in Kansas. The pro-slavery/anti-slavery groups violently clash between the time the act was passed and 1858. The pro-slavery/anti-slavery groups violently clash between the time the act was passed and 1858. “Border Ruffians“ (southern pro-slavery factions), largely from Missouri, fought heavily with northern abolitionists, particularly those associated with the New England Emigrant Aid Company. “Border Ruffians“ (southern pro-slavery factions), largely from Missouri, fought heavily with northern abolitionists, particularly those associated with the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Major concern was the electing of the territorial legislation in the Kansas territory. Major concern was the electing of the territorial legislation in the Kansas territory.

51. R.H. Wilson biography R.H. Wilson biography –Sack of Lawrence results in surrender of the anti-slavery faction in Lawrence, burning of the city, –Of special note was Wilson's account is the mention of Davy Atchison, the U.S. Senator from Missouri. Atchison's involvement in Kansas displays "wild west" atmosphere of the time; Atchison (a distinguished Senator) was also com-mander of the unit which attacked Lawrence! Atchison's involvement in Kansas displays "wild west" atmosphere of the time; Atchison (a distinguished Senator) was also com-mander of the unit which attacked Lawrence!

52. * In 1856, an abolitionist named John Brown murdered five proslavery men. * Over 200 people died in the fighting that followed. The abolitionist John Brown lived in Osawatomie, Kansas Territory. Brown and his sons were responsible for the brutal murder of several proslavery men near Pottawatomie, Kansas. The men were called out of their homes at night and hacked to death with swords. This was just one of many incidents that earned Kansas Territory the name of "Bleeding Kansas.”Pottawatomie

53. Brooks-Sumner Affair 1856—during Kansas War 1856—during Kansas War Charles Sumner gave speech “Crime Against Kansas” Charles Sumner gave speech “Crime Against Kansas” –Starting insulting people including a man from SC whose nephew, Preston Brooks, worked in the House Brooks was told about the family insult and retaliated Brooks was told about the family insult and retaliated

54. Dred Scott caseDred Scott case, 1857 Dred Scott case Dred Scott sued his slave owner for freedom after being taken north of the Missouri Compromise line. Dred Scott sued his slave owner for freedom after being taken north of the Missouri Compromise line. The Supreme Court rules in Scott v. Sandford that blacks are not U.S. citizens, The Supreme Court rules in Scott v. Sandford that blacks are not U.S. citizens, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney says slaveholders have the right to take existing slaves into free areas of the county. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney says slaveholders have the right to take existing slaves into free areas of the county. –Admits that they are _____.

56. In May 1858, proslavery settlers executed a group of their free state neighbors along the Marais de Cygne river in southeastern Kansas Territory. Marais de Cygne Massacre

57. Impact of Dred Scott North outraged North outraged Slavery rendered possible everywhere, Mo. Compromise and Great Compromise abolished. Slavery rendered possible everywhere, Mo. Compromise and Great Compromise abolished. Slaves now have constitutional protection thanks to 7-2 decision led by Southerner Roger B. Taney Slaves now have constitutional protection thanks to 7-2 decision led by Southerner Roger B. Taney Dred Scott was labeled “property”. Dred Scott was labeled “property”.

58. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia 1859 1859 John Brown leads a group of abolitionists and runaway slaves to take arsenal and then plans to start a new state for former slaves by force. John Brown leads a group of abolitionists and runaway slaves to take arsenal and then plans to start a new state for former slaves by force. U.S. army cadets and soldiers sent in to put down rebellion. U.S. army cadets and soldiers sent in to put down rebellion. Brown captured and hanged. Brown captured and hanged.