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Unit 1 - The Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration – Notebook pg. 1 I. The Renaissance - Chapter 12 Section 1
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A. The Italian Renaissance – Notebook pg. 1 Renaissance = Rebirth Began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe Characteristics 1.Urban society 2.Recovery from Disasters 3.New view of human beings Mostly affected the upper class
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B. The Italian States – Notebook pg. 3 Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? During the Middle Ages, Italy had no centralized monarchy - City-states remained independent Italian city-states became wealthy off of trade 1.Milan Francesco Sforza 2.Venice leader called the Doge 3.Florence de Medici family Girolamo Savonarola
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C. The Italian Wars – Notebook pg. 5 1494 – French King – Charles VIII Northern Italian states - Spain 30 years France and Spain fought to dominate Italy Turning point – 1527 Italian Wars ended and Spain became the dominant force in Italy
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D. Niccolo Machiavelli – Notebook pg. 7 The Prince Wrote in response to the Italian Wars One of the most influential works on political power Theme – how to acquire and keep power
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Copy and answer the following ?’s in your notebook. 1.List 10 ways Machiavelli says a ruler should build his reputation. Put a + by the ways you agree with. Put a – by the ways you disagree with. 2. Explain why you disagree with the ones you put a – by. 3. Who does Machiavelli believe is an example of a prince? Why? Primary Source – The Prince – Notebook pg. 2 & 4
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E. Baldassare Castiglione – Notebook pg. 9 The Book of the Courtier - 1528. He described the way to become a perfect Renaissance noble: 1. Traits 2. To become a warrior and gain a classical education 3. Show off their accomplishments with grace.
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F. Renaissance Society – Notebook pg. 11 Society divided into 3 estates (social classes) 1.Nobility 2.Clergy 3.Peasants & Townspeople 85-90% of the population Peasants Townspeople i.Patricians ii.Burghers iii.Workers Family Bond important marriages arranged Dowry Father – husband
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“The End Justifies the Means” – Notebook pg. 6 & 8 One of the most famous quotes from Machiavelli’s The Prince is “the end justifies the means.” Write an essay answering the following questions: What do you think Machiavelli meant by this? How has this changed today? Or has it?
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Notebook pg. 10 Middle AgesRenaissance Nobility Townspeople Peasants
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II. The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance – Notebook pg. 13 Chapter 12 Section 2
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A. Humanism – Notebook pg. 13 Intellectual movement Based on the study of the classics Petrarch – “father of humanism” Used Latin manuscripts that had been preserved by the monasteries Used classical Latin 14 th century – led a life of solitude 15 th century – involved in civic life – should serve the state
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B. Vernacular Literature - Notebook pg. 13 Dante – Divine Comedy Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales Christine de Pizan – The Book of the City of Ladies
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Christine de Pizan “Should I also tell you whether a woman’s nature is clever and quick enough to learn speculative sciences as well as to discover them, and likewise the mutual arts. I assure you that women are equally well-suited and skilled to carry them out and to put them to sophisticated use once they have learned them.”
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C. Education in the Renaissance – Notebook pg. 15 Believed education could change humans Liberal studies Virtue and wisdom Also included P.E. and dance Create well rounded citizens Females
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D. Artistic Renaissance in Italy – New Techniques in Painting – Notebook pg. 15 Fresco Masaccio –mastered perspective Two Characteristics of Renaissance Painting: (1) technical (perspective) (2) investigation of movement and human anatomy – realistic – esp. nudes
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E. Architecture – Filippo Brunelleschi – Notebook pg. 17 Hired by de Medici family to design the Church of San Lorenzo Features: Classical Columns Rounded Arches Coffered Ceiling (sunken panels)
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F. Italian Renaissance Artists – Notebook pg.17 Donatello: - Sculptor - He went to Greece and Rome to study statues. Raphael: - Painter - Famous for his madonnas and School of Athens. Michelangelo: - Painter, Sculptor, Architect - His most famous works are the Sistine Chapel and the David.
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Donatello’s St. George
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Raphael’s – The Sistine Madonna
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Raphael’s – The School of Athens
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Michelangelo's David
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Michelangelo’s The Creation
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G. Leonardo da Vinci – Notebook pg. 19 He was a painter and inventor His most famous works include the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, Vitruvian Man. He also conceptualized the helicopter, the tank, and the calculator Anatomy
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H. Botticelli – Notebook pg. 19 His paintings were inspired by Roman and Greek mythology. His figures are not well defined like other Renaissance paintings. They seem to have an other-worldly quality.
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Mystical Nativity
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Primavera
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The Birth of Venus
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I. Northern Renaissance – Notebook pg. 21 Did not have Romanesque churches to work on frescos like the Italian artists – had Gothic churches with stained glass windows Used books and altar pieces for their paintings One of the most important art schools - Flanders. Hans Holbein – portrait painter Jan van Eyck – among the first to paint with oil. – portrayed nature not by perspective, but by observing how things really were. Albrecht Durer: - German artist. - traveled to Italy to study perspective.
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Van Eyck’s The Arnolfini Portrait
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Durer’s Self Portrait
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Durer’s Adoration of the Magi
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Holbein’s Henry VIII Portrait
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III. The Protestant Reformation – Notebook pg. 23 Chapter 12 Section 3
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A. Johannes Gutenberg – Notebook pg. 23 Revolutionized the printing press. 1455 - The first book he printed was the Bible. Printing press helped spread the new ideas of the Reformation Encouraged scholarly research and desire for knowledge
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The Gutenberg Bible
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The Printing Press
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B. Erasmus & Christian Humanism – Notebook pg. 25 Widespread changes in intellectual thought Christian humanism – reform the Catholic Church o Believed that humans could change and improve themselves Erasmus – Christian humanist o Show people how to live good lives on a daily basis o External forms of religion not important o Criticized abuses of the Church o The Praise of Folly o Sought reform from within the Catholic Church
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1.Changes in intellectual thought 2.Corruption within the Catholic Church Popes failed to meet spiritual needs More concerned about political issues – Papal States - army Many priests uneducated Priests had unofficial wives and children Selling of church offices Selling of indulgences (forgiveness for sins) Collecting/worshipping of Relics 3. Printing Press C. Causes for the Protestant Reformation – Notebook pg. 27
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D. Martin Luther – Notebook pg. 29 “Started the Reformation” Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg Catholic Church - faith and good works - Luther - “justification by faith alone” Believed people should study the Bible Angry with Church abuses – “95 Theses 1520 – moved towards a break with the Church Excommunicated by the Church Diet of Worms – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Edict of Worms Luther’s leader – Frederick of Saxony
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E. Lutheranism - Notebook pg. 29&31 Kept only 2 sacraments – baptism and communion Clergy could marry New doctrine of salvation – faith alone Services in vernacular
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F. Politics in the German Reformation – Notebook pg. 31 & 33 Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor – Charles I – Spain - Keep empire large and Catholic Problems for Charles V 1.Rivalry with Francis I king of France 2.Pope Clement VII 3.Ottoman Turks 4.Internal conflict Charles V too weak Religious Wars ended in 1555 – Peace of Augsburg
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IV. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Response – Notebook pg. 35 Chapter 12 Section 4
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A. Zwinglian Reformation - Notebook pg. 35 Ulrich Zwingli: a priest in Zurich, Switzerland Relics and images Decorations - whitewashed walls Service: Scripture Reading, Prayer, and Sermons – replaced Catholic Mass Alliance between Zwingli & Luther 1531 – War between Catholic and Protestants Leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland
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B. John Calvin - Notebook pg. 35 John Calvin fled Catholic France The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) – Summary of Protestant thought Justification by faith Predestination Geneva, Switzerland – theocracy John Knox – Calvinist leader in Scotland Huguenots - French
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Huguenots
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C. Henry VIII – Notebook pg. 37 The English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion. He wanted a male heir Act of Supremacy – 1534 Thomas More Church of England – Anglican Church Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I
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D. The Six Wives of Henry VIII – Notebook pg. 37 & 39 Catherine of Aragon (divorced) – Mary I Anne Boleyn (beheaded) – Elizabeth I Jane Seymour (died) – Edward VI Anne of Cleves (divorced) Katherine Howard (beheaded) Katherine Parr (survived)
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E. Anabaptists – Notebook pg. 39 Baptism Each church chose it’s own minister. believed in the complete separation of church and state. would not take a political office or bear arms. regarded as dangerous radicals
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F. Catholic Reformation – Notebook pg. 39 Mid – 1500’s – Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia – Calvinism in Switzerland, France, & the Netherlands – England split from Church The Catholic Reformation was supported by three pillars: (1) The Jesuits (2) The Reform of the Papacy (3) The Council of Trent
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1. Society of Jesus – Notebook pg. 41 Founder - Ignatius of Loyola. Pope Paul III -1540. took a vow of obedience were able to restore Catholicism to several parts of Germany served as missionaries in the New World
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2. Reform of the Papacy - Notebook pg. 41 Reform Commission was created in 1537 by Pope Paul III. The commission blamed the church’s problems on the corrupt policies of the popes.
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3. Council of Trent – Notebook pg. 41 Pope Paul III Group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots and theologians – met in Trent (border of Germany and Italy) Reestablished previous Church teachings in order to end Church abuses Renewed confidence in the Church
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