1. Unit 1 - The Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration – Notebook pg. 1 I. The Renaissance - Chapter 12 Section 1

2. A. The Italian Renaissance – Notebook pg. 1  Renaissance = Rebirth  Began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe  Characteristics 1.Urban society 2.Recovery from Disasters 3.New view of human beings  Mostly affected the upper class

3. B. The Italian States – Notebook pg. 3  Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?  During the Middle Ages, Italy had no centralized monarchy - City-states remained independent  Italian city-states became wealthy off of trade 1.Milan  Francesco Sforza 2.Venice  leader called the Doge 3.Florence  de Medici family  Girolamo Savonarola

4. C. The Italian Wars – Notebook pg. 5  1494 – French King – Charles VIII  Northern Italian states - Spain  30 years France and Spain fought to dominate Italy  Turning point – 1527  Italian Wars ended and Spain became the dominant force in Italy

5. D. Niccolo Machiavelli – Notebook pg. 7 The Prince Wrote in response to the Italian Wars One of the most influential works on political power Theme – how to acquire and keep power

6. Copy and answer the following ?’s in your notebook. 1.List 10 ways Machiavelli says a ruler should build his reputation. Put a + by the ways you agree with. Put a – by the ways you disagree with. 2. Explain why you disagree with the ones you put a – by. 3. Who does Machiavelli believe is an example of a prince? Why? Primary Source – The Prince – Notebook pg. 2 & 4

7. E. Baldassare Castiglione – Notebook pg. 9 The Book of the Courtier - 1528. He described the way to become a perfect Renaissance noble: 1. Traits 2. To become a warrior and gain a classical education 3. Show off their accomplishments with grace.

8. F. Renaissance Society – Notebook pg. 11  Society divided into 3 estates (social classes) 1.Nobility 2.Clergy 3.Peasants & Townspeople  85-90% of the population  Peasants  Townspeople i.Patricians ii.Burghers iii.Workers  Family Bond important  marriages arranged  Dowry  Father – husband

9. “The End Justifies the Means” – Notebook pg. 6 & 8 One of the most famous quotes from Machiavelli’s The Prince is “the end justifies the means.” Write an essay answering the following questions: What do you think Machiavelli meant by this? How has this changed today? Or has it?

10. Notebook pg. 10 Middle AgesRenaissance Nobility Townspeople Peasants

11. II. The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance – Notebook pg. 13 Chapter 12 Section 2

12. A. Humanism – Notebook pg. 13  Intellectual movement  Based on the study of the classics  Petrarch – “father of humanism”  Used Latin manuscripts that had been preserved by the monasteries  Used classical Latin  14 th century – led a life of solitude  15 th century – involved in civic life – should serve the state

13. B. Vernacular Literature - Notebook pg. 13 Dante – Divine Comedy Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales Christine de Pizan – The Book of the City of Ladies

14. Christine de Pizan “Should I also tell you whether a woman’s nature is clever and quick enough to learn speculative sciences as well as to discover them, and likewise the mutual arts. I assure you that women are equally well-suited and skilled to carry them out and to put them to sophisticated use once they have learned them.”

15. C. Education in the Renaissance – Notebook pg. 15 Believed education could change humans Liberal studies Virtue and wisdom Also included P.E. and dance Create well rounded citizens Females

16. D. Artistic Renaissance in Italy – New Techniques in Painting – Notebook pg. 15 Fresco Masaccio –mastered perspective Two Characteristics of Renaissance Painting: (1) technical (perspective) (2) investigation of movement and human anatomy – realistic – esp. nudes

19. E. Architecture – Filippo Brunelleschi – Notebook pg. 17 Hired by de Medici family to design the Church of San Lorenzo Features: Classical Columns Rounded Arches Coffered Ceiling (sunken panels)

21. F. Italian Renaissance Artists – Notebook pg.17 Donatello: - Sculptor - He went to Greece and Rome to study statues. Raphael: - Painter - Famous for his madonnas and School of Athens. Michelangelo: - Painter, Sculptor, Architect - His most famous works are the Sistine Chapel and the David.

22. Donatello’s St. George

23. Raphael’s – The Sistine Madonna

24. Raphael’s – The School of Athens

25. Michelangelo's David

26. Michelangelo’s The Creation

29. G. Leonardo da Vinci – Notebook pg. 19 He was a painter and inventor His most famous works include the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, Vitruvian Man. He also conceptualized the helicopter, the tank, and the calculator Anatomy

36. H. Botticelli – Notebook pg. 19 His paintings were inspired by Roman and Greek mythology. His figures are not well defined like other Renaissance paintings. They seem to have an other-worldly quality.

37. Mystical Nativity

38. Primavera

39. The Birth of Venus

40. I. Northern Renaissance – Notebook pg. 21 Did not have Romanesque churches to work on frescos like the Italian artists – had Gothic churches with stained glass windows Used books and altar pieces for their paintings One of the most important art schools - Flanders. Hans Holbein – portrait painter Jan van Eyck – among the first to paint with oil. – portrayed nature not by perspective, but by observing how things really were. Albrecht Durer: - German artist. - traveled to Italy to study perspective.

41. Van Eyck’s The Arnolfini Portrait

42. Durer’s Self Portrait

43. Durer’s Adoration of the Magi

44. Holbein’s Henry VIII Portrait

45. III. The Protestant Reformation – Notebook pg. 23 Chapter 12 Section 3

46. A. Johannes Gutenberg – Notebook pg. 23 Revolutionized the printing press. 1455 - The first book he printed was the Bible. Printing press helped spread the new ideas of the Reformation Encouraged scholarly research and desire for knowledge

47. The Gutenberg Bible

48. The Printing Press

49. B. Erasmus & Christian Humanism – Notebook pg. 25  Widespread changes in intellectual thought  Christian humanism – reform the Catholic Church o Believed that humans could change and improve themselves  Erasmus – Christian humanist o Show people how to live good lives on a daily basis o External forms of religion not important o Criticized abuses of the Church o The Praise of Folly o Sought reform from within the Catholic Church

50. 1.Changes in intellectual thought 2.Corruption within the Catholic Church  Popes failed to meet spiritual needs  More concerned about political issues – Papal States - army  Many priests uneducated  Priests had unofficial wives and children  Selling of church offices  Selling of indulgences (forgiveness for sins)  Collecting/worshipping of Relics 3. Printing Press C. Causes for the Protestant Reformation – Notebook pg. 27

51. D. Martin Luther – Notebook pg. 29  “Started the Reformation”  Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg  Catholic Church - faith and good works - Luther - “justification by faith alone”  Believed people should study the Bible  Angry with Church abuses – “95 Theses  1520 – moved towards a break with the Church  Excommunicated by the Church  Diet of Worms – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V  Edict of Worms  Luther’s leader – Frederick of Saxony

52. E. Lutheranism - Notebook pg. 29&31  Kept only 2 sacraments – baptism and communion  Clergy could marry  New doctrine of salvation – faith alone  Services in vernacular

53. F. Politics in the German Reformation – Notebook pg. 31 & 33  Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor – Charles I – Spain - Keep empire large and Catholic  Problems for Charles V 1.Rivalry with Francis I king of France 2.Pope Clement VII 3.Ottoman Turks 4.Internal conflict  Charles V too weak  Religious Wars ended in 1555 – Peace of Augsburg

54. IV. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Response – Notebook pg. 35 Chapter 12 Section 4

55. A. Zwinglian Reformation - Notebook pg. 35 Ulrich Zwingli: a priest in Zurich, Switzerland Relics and images Decorations - whitewashed walls Service: Scripture Reading, Prayer, and Sermons – replaced Catholic Mass Alliance between Zwingli & Luther 1531 – War between Catholic and Protestants Leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland

56. B. John Calvin - Notebook pg. 35 John Calvin fled Catholic France The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) – Summary of Protestant thought Justification by faith Predestination Geneva, Switzerland – theocracy John Knox – Calvinist leader in Scotland Huguenots - French

57. Huguenots

58. C. Henry VIII – Notebook pg. 37 The English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion. He wanted a male heir Act of Supremacy – 1534 Thomas More Church of England – Anglican Church Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I

59. D. The Six Wives of Henry VIII – Notebook pg. 37 & 39 Catherine of Aragon (divorced) – Mary I Anne Boleyn (beheaded) – Elizabeth I Jane Seymour (died) – Edward VI Anne of Cleves (divorced) Katherine Howard (beheaded) Katherine Parr (survived)

60. E. Anabaptists – Notebook pg. 39 Baptism Each church chose it’s own minister. believed in the complete separation of church and state. would not take a political office or bear arms. regarded as dangerous radicals

61. F. Catholic Reformation – Notebook pg. 39 Mid – 1500’s – Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia – Calvinism in Switzerland, France, & the Netherlands – England split from Church The Catholic Reformation was supported by three pillars: (1) The Jesuits (2) The Reform of the Papacy (3) The Council of Trent

62. 1. Society of Jesus – Notebook pg. 41 Founder - Ignatius of Loyola. Pope Paul III -1540. took a vow of obedience were able to restore Catholicism to several parts of Germany served as missionaries in the New World

63. 2. Reform of the Papacy - Notebook pg. 41 Reform Commission was created in 1537 by Pope Paul III. The commission blamed the church’s problems on the corrupt policies of the popes.

64. 3. Council of Trent – Notebook pg. 41 Pope Paul III Group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots and theologians – met in Trent (border of Germany and Italy) Reestablished previous Church teachings in order to end Church abuses Renewed confidence in the Church