1. Vitamin B2 （ Riboflavin ） and flavin nucleotide 组员：金圣塔，宋罕，蔡增增 主讲：金圣塔

3. 1 掌握 Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) 的相关化学 结构与化学性质 2 了解 Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) 与生活人生 活相关的知识 3 了解黄素辅酶 (flavin nucleotide)

6. Vitamin B 2 （ Riboflavin ） Overview Overview Overview Structure and chemistry character Structure and chemistry character Structure and chemistry character Structure and chemistry character Dietary Sources Dietary Sources Dietary Sources Dietary Sources Uses （ Possible Interactions ） Uses （ Possible Interactions ） Uses （ Possible Interactions ） Uses （ Possible Interactions ） Supporting Research Supporting Research Supporting Research Supporting Research

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8. Overview Vitamin B2, commonly called riboflavin, is one of eight water-soluble B vitamins. Like its close relative vitamin B1 (thiamine), riboflavin plays a crucial role in certain metabolic reactions, particularly the conversion of carbohydrates （碳 水化合物） into sugar, which is "burned" to produce energy. Together, the eight B vitamins, often referred to as B complex vitamins, are also essential in the breakdown of fats and protein. In addition, B complex vitamins play an important role in maintaining muscle tone along the lining of the digestive tract and promoting the health of the nervous system, skin, hair, eyes, mouth, and liver.

9. fatigue （疲劳） ; slowed growth （发育减 缓） ; digestive problems （食欲不振） ; cracks and sores around the corners of the mouth; swollen magenta tongue; eye fatigue; soreness of the lips, mouth and tongue （口炎） ; and sensitivity to light （对光敏感）. Riboflavin is an important nutrient in the prevention of headache and some visual disturbances, particularly cataracts （白内障）. Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency ：

10. 化学结构式

12. FAD 与 FMN— 体内核黄素的存在形式

13. 氧化型 入 max=450nm （黄色） 还原型 （无色） 半醌型 入 max=570nm ( 蓝色 ) 黄素辅酶的三种不同氧化还原形式

14. FAD 和 FMN 的氧化还原态 缤纷版课本版

15. FMN ， FAD 广泛参与体内的各种氧化还原、 反应，因此维生素 B2 能促进糖、脂肪和蛋 白质的代谢，对维护皮肤、粘膜和视觉的 正常机能均有一定的作用。 膳食中长期缺乏维生素 B2 ，眼角膜和口角血 管增生，引起白内障、眼角膜炎、舌炎和 阴囊炎等。

16. The best sources of riboflavin include brewer‘s yeast （啤 酒发酵粉）, almonds （杏仁）, organ meats （动物器 官）, whole grains （鳝鱼）, wheat germ （麦菌）, wild rice （野生大米）, mushrooms （蘑菇）, soybeans （大 豆）, milk （牛奶）, yogurt （酸奶酪）, eggs （蛋）, broccoli （椰菜）, brussel sprouts, and spinach （菠 菜）. Flours and cereals （谷类） are often fortified with riboflavin. Absorption of Vitamin B2 is best when it is taken with meals.

17. Children Infants birth to 6 months: 0.3 mg (adequate intake) Infants 7 to 12 months: 0.4 mg (adequate intake) Children 1 to 3 years: 0.5 mg (RDA) Children 4 to 8 years: 0.6 mg (RDA) Children 9 to 13 years: 0.9 mg (RDA) Males 14 to 18 years: 1.3 mg (RDA) Females 14 to 18 years: 1 mg (RDA) Adult Males 19 years and older: 1.3 mg (RDA) Females 19 years and older: 1.1 mg (RDA) Pregnant females: 1.4 mg (RDA) Breastfeeding females: 1.6 mg (RDA) Children and adult daily standard Vitamin B2 recommended dietary allowance ( 成人与儿童日推荐 Vitamin B2 摄入量 ) 课本版 缤纷版

18. Supporting Research

19. Adelekan DA, Thurnham DI, Adekile AD. Reduced antioxidant capacity in paediatric patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1989;43(9):609-614. Antoon AY, Donovan DK. Burn Injuries. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000:287-294. Bell, IR, Edman JS, Morrow FD, et al. Brief communication. Vitamin B1, B2, and B6 augmentation of tricyclic antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression with cognitive dysfunction. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(2):159-163. Bomgaars L, Gunawardena S, Kelley SE, Ramu A. The inactivation of doxorubicin by long ultraviolet light. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1997;40(6):506-512. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.Ophthalmology. 2000;107(3):450-456.

20. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr. 1998;128:797-803. Dreizen S, McCredie KB, Keating MJ, Andersson BS. Nutritional deficiencies in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Postgrad Med. 1990;87(1):163-167, 170. Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. [Review]. Public Health Nutr. 2000;3(2):125-150. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998. Folkers K, Ellis J. Successful therapy with vitamin B6 and vitamin B2 of the carpal tunnel syndrome and need for determination of the RDAs for vitamins B6 and B2 for disease states. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990;585:295-301. Folkers K, Wolaniuk A, Vadhanavikit S. Enzymology of the response of the carpal tunnel syndrome to riboflavin and to combined riboflavin and pyridoxine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(22):7076-7078.

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22. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(1):19-26. LaVecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, et al. Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;73:525-530. Lewis JA, Baer MT, Laufer MA. Urinary riboflavin and creatinine excretion in children treated with anticonvulsant drugs [letter]. Am J Dis Child. 1975;129:394. Mauskop A. Alternative therapies in headache. Is there a role? [Review]. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85(4):1077-1084. Meyer NA, Muller MJ, Herndon DN. Nutrient support of the healing wound. New Horizons. 1994;2(2):202-214. Mulherin DM, Thurnham DI, Situnayake RD. Glutathione reductase activity, riboflavin status, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55(11):837-840.

23. Nutrients and Nutritional Agents. In: Kastrup EK, Hines Burnham T, Short RM, et al, eds. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, Mo: Facts and Comparisons; 2000:4-5. Omray A. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of tetracylcine hydrochloride upon oral administration with vitamin C and vitamin B complex. Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 1981;23(VI):33-37. Parks OW. Photodegredation of sulfa drugs by fluorescent light. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1985;68(6):1232-1234. Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Drugs that promote renal excretion of riboflavin. Drug Nutr Interact. 1987;5(3):143-151. Ramu A, Mehta MM, Leaseburg T, Aleksic A. The enhancement of riboflavin-mediated photo-oxidation of doxorubicin by histidine and urocanic acid. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2001;47(4):338-346. Rock CL, Vasantharajan S. Vitamin status of eating disorder patients: Relationship to clinical indices and effect of treatment. Int J Eating Disord. 1995;18:257-262.

24. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraneprophilaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1998;50:466 – 470. Silberstein SD, Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB. Management of migraine: an algorithmic approach. [Review]. Neurology. 2000;55(9 Suppl 2):S46-52. Takacs M, Vamos J, Papp Q, et al. In vitro interaction of selegiline, riboflavin and light. Sensitized photodegradation of drugs [in Hungarian] [Abstract]. Acta Pharm Hung. 1999;69(3):103-107. Wolf E. Vitamin therapy helps fight CTS. Occup Health Saf. 1987;56(2):67.

25. If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use vitamin B2 supplements without first talking to your healthcare provider. Antibiotics, Tetracycline （四环素） Riboflavin should not be taken at the same time as the antibiotic tetracycline because it interferes with the absorption and effectiveness of this medication. Riboflavin either alone or in combination with other B vitamins should be taken at different times from tetracycline. (All vitamin B complex supplements act in this way and should therefore be taken at different times from tetracycline.) In addition, long-term use of antibiotics can deplete vitamin B levels in the body, particularly B2, B9, B12, and vitamin H (biotin), which is considered part of the B complex.

26. Antidepressant Medications （抗抑郁药物） Tricyclic( 三环的 ) antidepressants (such as imipramine （丙咪嗪）, desimpramine, amitriptyline （阿密曲替林）, and nortriptyline （去甲替林） also reduce levels of riboflavin in the body. Taking riboflavin may improve levels of the vitamin and improve the effectiveness of these antidepressants, especially in elderly patients.

27. Anti-malarial Medications （抗疟疾药物） Riboflavin may reduce the effectiveness of anti-malarial medications such as chloroquine and mefloquine. Antipsychotic Medications （安定药物） Antipsychotic medications called phenothiazines (such as chlorpromazine) may lower riboflavin levels. Birth Control Medications Poor dietary habits in combination with birth control medications can interfere with the body's ability to use riboflavin.

28. Doxorubicin （阿霉素 — 一种抗肿瘤药物） In the presence of daylight, riboflavin may deactivate doxorubicin, a medication used for the treatment of certain cancers. In addition, doxorubicin may deplete levels of riboflavin and, therefore, increased amounts of this nutrient may be recommended during chemotherapy （化学疗法） using this drug. Your doctor will guide you on whether this is necessary or not. Methotrexate （氨甲叶酸 — 抗肿瘤药物） Methotrexate, a medication used to treat cancer, can prevent the body from making riboflavin (as well as other essential vitamins). Phenytoin （苯妥英 — 抗惊厥药物） Phenytoin, a medication used to control epileptic seizures, may affect riboflavin levels in children.

29. Probenecid （丙磺舒） This medication used for gout may decrease the absorption of riboflavin from the digestive tract and increase the excretion in the urine. Selegiline Similar to its effects on doxorubicin, riboflavin may deactivate selegiline, a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease, in the presence of daylight. Sulfa-containing Medications Riboflavin may reduce the effectiveness of sulfa-containing medications, such as certain antibiotics (for example, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) used to treat bacterial infections. In addition, as stated earlier, long-term use of antibiotics can deplete vitamin B levels in the body, particularly B2, B9, B12, and vitamin H (biotin), which is considered part of the B complex. Thiazide Diuretics （利尿药物） Diuretics that belong to a class known as thiazides, such as hydrochlorothiazide, may increase the loss of riboflavin in the urine.

31. 维生素 B 2 又称核黄素（ riboflavin ），是一种核 糖醇与 6 ， 7— 二甲基异咯嗪的缩合物，在自然界 多与蛋白质结合成黄素蛋白。维生素 B2 广泛存在 于生物体中。 维生素 B 2 为橙黄色结晶性粉末；微臭，味微苦； 在酸性溶液中稳定，耐热，易被碱或光所破坏。难 溶于水，微溶于酒精、氯仿或乙醚；在稀氢氧化碱 中溶解。 维生素 B2 的生理功能是作为递氢辅酶， 参与生物氧化作用 。