3. THE STORY CONTINUES …

4. …PURE SUBSTANCES and MIXTURES Unit 1 (LESSON 4)

5. Unit 1 – LESSON 4 “PURE SUBSTANCES and MIXTURES”

6. PURE SUBSTANCES: matter made of “1” kind of atom having definite properties (ELEMENTS) AND… matter made from the chemical combination of “2” or more elements having a specific recipe with definite properties (COMPOUNDS)

7. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS hydrogen [H] copper [Cu] argon [Ar] helium [He] iron [Fe] sodium [Na]

8. ELEMENTS: “1” KIND of ATOM do NOT BREAK DOWN abbreviation: Chemical SYMBOL 118 known elements composition: protons, neutrons and electrons classification: METALS, NON-METALS, METALLOIDS ATOM  smallest unit of an element

9. ELEMENT: “1” kind of ATOM that has its own PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES that can NOT be BROKEN DOWN

10. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS hydrogen [H] copper [Cu] argon [Ar] helium [He] iron [Fe] sodium [Na] water [H 2 O] sodium chloride [NaCl] ammonia [NH 3 ] iron oxide [Fe 2 O 3 ] carbon dioxide [CO 2 ] glucose [C 6 H 12 O 6 ]

11. COMPOUNDS: chemically combined elements that form NEW substance(s) break down chemically: HEAT ELECTROLYSIS LIGHT abbreviation: Chemical FORMULA thousands of compounds composition: need a SPECIFIC recipe using SPECIFIC elements at a SPECIFIC atom ratio MOLECULE  smallest unit of a compound

12. COMPOUNDS: classification: IONIC compounds (valence electrons are given up or taken on) COVALENT compounds (valence electrons are shared) ACIDS (have a pH value LESS than 7) BASES (have a pH value GREATER than 7) Neutral (pH value EQUAL to 7) INORGANIC (compounds lacking carbon [C]) ORGANIC (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids)

13. COMPOUND: “NEW” substance formed from chemically combined elements with its own PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL properties that CAN be BROKEN DOWN

14. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ALLOYS SOLUTIONS SUSPENSIONS COLLOIDS EMULSIONS

15. MIXTURES: substances mixed or blended together but NOT chemically combined individual substances keep their separate properties no exact amounts are needed classification: homogeneous, heterogeneous (how “well-mixed”) types of mixtures: solutions, alloys and suspensions (colloids and emulsions)

16. MIXTURES: substances mixed or blended together but NOT chemically combined

17. ELEMENT CLASSIFICATION: METALS: majority of the elements (except H) to the LEFT of the zigzag line (which separates the metals from the non-metals) properties: luster, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat & electricity, hardness, magnetic (Fe, Ni, Co), very high melting point temperatures which makes them solids at 25 o C (except Hg and Cn = liquids), high densities

18. METAL ELEMENTS

19. ELEMENT CLASSIFICATION: NON-METALS: 17 elements (including H) to the RIGHT of the zigzag line (which separates the metals from the non-metals) properties: opposite of metals many have low boiling point temperatures which making them gases at 25 o C (except Br = liquid) the few solids are brittle, dull, low densities, poor conductors of heat/electricity, non-magnetic readily form compounds

20. NONMETAL ELEMENTS

21. ELEMENT CLASSIFICATION: METALLOIDS: elements on the border of the zigzag line (separating metals from non-metals) properties: between metals and non-metals silicon [Si] boron [B] germanium [Ge] arsenic [As] antimony [Sb] tellurium [Te] ? astatine [At] ? polonium [Po]

22. METALLOID ELEMENTS

23. COMPOUND CLASSIFICATIONS: ACIDS, BASES and NEUTRAL INORGANIC and ORGANIC (macromolecules or biopolymers [natural polymers] Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids IONIC and COVALENT Ionic  transferring valence electrons Covalent  sharing valence electrons

24. COMPOUND CLASSIFICATIONS: ACIDS, BASES or NEUTRAL; INORGANIC and ORGANIC; IONIC and COVALENT

25. METHODS (Physical & Mechanical) to SEPARATE MIXTURES: physically remove each substance filter various sized particles magnetically remove magnetic substances from those that are not densities of substances will naturally cause substances to separate distillation  process of evaporating or boiling away (vaporization) the liquid and leaving the dissolved solids

26. METHODS to SEPARATE MIXTURES:

27. CLASSIFICATION of MIXTURES: Homogeneous (well-mixed): particles of all substances are extremely small all the substances are evenly mixed due to the diffusion of the small sized particles particles stay mixed particles cannot be separated “physically” all solutions and alloys are homogeneous

28. CLASSIFICATION of MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS

29. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES SOLUTIONS (homogeneous) solid dissolved liquid liquid dissolved liquid gas dissolved liquid gas dissolved gas

30. SOLUTIONS: mixture composed of substances with extremely small-sized particles “dissolved” together does NOT change into a new substance homogeneous with evenly diffused particles NO exact amounts are needed particles NEVER settle out particles cannot be “physically” separated

31. SOLUTIONS: is a type of mixture with extremely small particles which are able to diffuse evenly throughout another substance SOLUTE  the substance “being” dissolved the substance of lesser quantity SOLVENT  the substance “doing” the dissolving the substance of greater quantity WATER [H 2 O] = the universal solvent

32. SOLUTIONS (Solute and Solvent)

33. EXAMPLE of “4”SOLUTION TYPES:LEMONADE (1) LIQUID dissolved in another LIQUID lemon juice (SOLUTE) dissolved in water (SOLVENT) (2) SOLID dissolved in a LIQUID sugar (SOLUTE) dissolved in lemon water (SOLVENT) (3) GAS dissolved in a LIQUID (e.g.) CO 2 gas (SOLUTE) dissolved in lemonade (SOLVENT) = sparkling lemonade (4) GAS dissolved in another GAS when drinking lemonade by the lemonade stand!(e.g.) O 2 gas (SOLUTE) dissolved in N 2 gas (SOLVENT) when drinking lemonade by the lemonade stand! SOLUTION LEMONADE DUCK SONG: http://youtu.be/MtN1YnoL46Q SOLUTION LEMONADE DUCK SONG: http://youtu.be/MtN1YnoL46Qhttp://youtu.be/MtN1YnoL46Q SOLUTION LEMONADE “DUCK SONG”

34. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ALLOYS (homogeneous) SOLUTIONS (homogeneous) steel (C mixed Fe) bronze (Cu mixed Sn) brass (Cu mixed Zn) solder (Sn mixed Pb) solid dissolved liquid liquid dissolved liquid gas dissolved liquid gas dissolved gas

35. ALLOYS: HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES metals mixed or blended together with other metals (e.g.) Bronze  copper [Cu] mixed w/ tin [Sn] metals mixed or blended together with non-metals (e.g.) Steel  iron [Fe] mixed w/ carbon [C]

36. ALLOYS: METALS MIXED or blended together with other METALS OR with NON-METALS

37. CONCENTRATION: description of solution with varying amounts of SOLUTE (the substance being dissolved) that can be dissolved in varying amounts of SOLVENT (the substance doing the dissolving) TYPES of CONCENTATION : (dilute/concentrated) (1) DILUTE solutions using small amounts of solute solutions using larger amounts of solvent (e.g.) “weak” tea CONTROL DILUTED “weak” tea

38. CONCENTRATION: description of solution with varying amounts of SOLUTE (the substance being dissolved) that can be dissolved in varying amounts of SOLVENT (the substance doing the dissolving) TYPES of CONCENTATION : (dilute/concentrated) (2) CONCENTRATED solutions using larger amounts of solute solutions using smaller amounts of solvent (e.g.) “strong” tea CONTROL CONCENTATED “STRONG” tea

39. SOLUBILITY: is the measure of how well a SOLUTE (the substance being dissolved) can dissolve in a SOLVENT (the substance doing the dissolving) at a given temperature SOLUBLE: SOLUTES that “WILL DISSOLVE” in a given SOLVENT (e.g.) sugar and lemon juice in water INSOLUBLE: Substances that “WILL NOT DISSOLVE” in a given substance (e.g.) oil in water

40. SOLUBILITY: SATURATED solutions where NO MORE SOLUTE will DISSOLVE for SOLID SOLUTES: solubility INCREASES as the temperature of the SOLVENT INCREASES for GAS SOLUTES: solubility DECREASES as the temperature of the SOLVENT INCREASES UNSATURATED solutions where MORE SOLUTE will continue to DISSOLVE in the SOLVENT SUPERSATURATED solutions where MORE SOLUTE will continue to DISSOLVE in the SOLVENT

41. EFFECTS of SOLUTES ON SOLUTIONS: LOWER FREEZING POINTS: SOLUTES LOWER the freezing point of a SOLVENT SOLUTE PARTICLES interfere with the SOLVENT PARTICLES making it harder to crystallize thus lowering the solvent’s FREEZING POINT (e.g.) ANTIFREEZE added to WATER in radiator RAISING BOILING POINTS: SOLUTES RAISE the boiling point of a SOLVENT SOLUTE PARTICLES interfere with the SOLVENT PARTICLES making it harder for the solvent molecules to gain energy and escape thus raising the solvent’s BOILING POINT (e.g.) SALT added to WATER

42. CLASSIFICATION of MIXTURES: Heterogeneous: (NOT well-mixed ) particles of substances vary in size the substances are NOT evenly mixed due to the different size and mass of the particles particles do NOT stay mixed and can separate due to the density of the substances particles can be separated “physically”

43. CLASSIFICATION of MIXTURES: HETEROGENEOUS

44. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ALLOYS (homogeneous) SOLUTIONS (homogeneous) steel (C mixed Fe) bronze (Cu mixed Sn) brass (Cu mixed Zn) solder (Sn mixed Pb) solid dissolved liquid liquid dissolved liquid gas dissolved liquid gas dissolved gas SUSPENSIONS (heterogeneous) solid suspended liquid solid suspended gas gas suspended liquid colloids / emulsions (homogeneous)

45. “3” TYPES of SUSPENSIONS: (1) SOLID particles scattered/suspended in a LIQUID (e.g.) sand scattered/suspended in H 2 O (2) SOLID particles scattered/suspended in a GAS (e.g.) dust particles scattered/suspended in the air (3) GAS molecules scattered/suspended in a LIQUID (e.g.) air scattered/suspended in whipped cream

46. SUSPENSIONS:

47. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER TYPES PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ALLOYS SOLUTIONS SUSPENSIONS COLLOIDS EMULSIONS

48. COLLOIDS: a special type of suspension of smaller sized particles that remain mixed in a solid, liquid or gas “resemble” solutions homogeneous with well-mixed, evenly diffused particles too small to be seen particles large enough to “scatter” light NO exact amounts are needed particles do NOT settle out (e.g.) toothpaste, gels, milk, blood, fog

49. COLLOIDS:

50. EMULSIONS: a special type of colloid where one LIQUID is “suspended” in another LIQUID homogeneous with well-mixed, evenly diffused particles often require an EMULSIFIER substance keeping the one liquid MIXED with the other liquid in mayonnaise  egg yolk (emulsifier) (e.g.) jelly, mayonnaise

51. EMULSIONS:

52. THE END FOR NOW… UNIT 1 (LESSON 4)

53. COMING SOON “STATES of MATTER” UNIT 1 (Lesson 5)