1. Chapter 13 Discussion and Review

3. Expansion of the Mongol Empire (1206 -1368) Size Size Stretched from Korea to Hungary and Baghdad Stretched from Korea to Hungary and Baghdad Strategy Strategy Feared reputation Feared reputation combined technological advances in their bows with outstanding horseback ability and flexibility of military tactics. combined technological advances in their bows with outstanding horseback ability and flexibility of military tactics. Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers with Mongol leaders Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers with Mongol leaders Cultural diffusion Cultural diffusion Peaceful periods allowed for the movement of people, knowledge, and skills across Eurasia Peaceful periods allowed for the movement of people, knowledge, and skills across Eurasia Technology such as gunpowder, diplomatic passports and movable type spread to Europe Technology such as gunpowder, diplomatic passports and movable type spread to Europe

4. Expansion of the Mongol Empire (1206 -1258) Trade Trade Iron most important; wood, cotton, grain, silk Iron most important; wood, cotton, grain, silk Disease through trade routes Disease through trade routes Politics Politics Led by a Khan (decision ratified by a council) Led by a Khan (decision ratified by a council) Religion Religion Khans represented Sky God, who transcended all cultures and religions Khans represented Sky God, who transcended all cultures and religions tolerance of many religions and attempted to gain the support of all religious leaders. tolerance of many religions and attempted to gain the support of all religious leaders. Marriage Marriage Arranged marriages Arranged marriages Women played an important role in negotiating alliances Women played an important role in negotiating alliances

5. Mongols effects in Russia Mongols Mongols Ruled Russia from afar Ruled Russia from afar Main goal was to extract as much tax revenue as possible Main goal was to extract as much tax revenue as possible Moscow Moscow 1300s emerged as the new center of Russia and heart of Russia 1300s emerged as the new center of Russia and heart of Russia Orthodox Church Orthodox Church Granted special privileges which helped to reconcile the Russian people Granted special privileges which helped to reconcile the Russian people Ivan III Ivan III Prince of Moscow ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of Tsar Prince of Moscow ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of Tsar

6. Discuss the economic foundation of the Mongol Empire, with particular emphasis on government revenues. Maximizing revenues was the central goal of Mongol leaders, and tax farming was the method devised toward that end. Maximizing revenues was the central goal of Mongol leaders, and tax farming was the method devised toward that end.

7. Describe both Mongol horse breeding and the climate of Mongolia. Mongol horses Mongol horses could survive the cold and dry climate in Mongolia. could survive the cold and dry climate in Mongolia. Mongols purposely did not feed or shelter their horses, leaving them to forage for their own food. Mongols purposely did not feed or shelter their horses, leaving them to forage for their own food. Natural selection Natural selection thus ensured that only those able to adapt to the environment would survive. thus ensured that only those able to adapt to the environment would survive. Mongol light-horsemen Mongol light-horsemen were effective against the force of other peoples, and were adept at shooting arrows from running horses. were effective against the force of other peoples, and were adept at shooting arrows from running horses.