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Chapter 6- Groups and Organizations
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Types of Groups Group: any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact regularly Primary Group : small group with intimate, face-to face associations and cooperation Secondary Group : formal, impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understanding
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Types of Groups I n-groups : any group or categories to which people feel they belong Out-groups : any group or categories to which people feel that they do not belong Conflict between in-groups and out-groups can turn violent on a personal as well as political level.
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Types of Groups Reference Group : any group that an individual uses as a standard for evaluating their own behavior. Reference groups set and enforce standards of conduct and belief Often two or more reference groups can influence us at the same time
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Looking at Small Groups Small groups: groups small enough for all members to interact simultaneously Dyad-a two member group Triad- a three-member group
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Looking at Small Groups Groupthink: Collective pressure to conform to a predominant line of thought Asch Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA
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Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies Formal Organizations : group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency Cookie Cutter Approach: calculability predictability efficiency control McDonaldization of Society
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Characteristics of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy : components of formal organizations that uses rules and hierarchical rankings to achieve efficiency. Max Weber emphasized basic similarity of structure and process found in dissimilar enterprises
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Characteristics of a Bureacracy Division of Labor Fragmentation of work Specialized experts Alienation: Condition of estrangement or disassociation George Tooker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TypEb0tbFhohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TypEb0tbFho Trained Incapacity: workers develop blind spots
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Characteristics of Bureaucracy Hierarchy of Authority Written Rules and Regulations Goal Displacement: overzealous conformity to official regulations
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Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Impersonality: Bureaucratic norms dictate that officials perform duties without personal consideration of individuals Employment based on Technical Qualifications
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Bureaucratization of Modern Society Bureaucratization: process by which groups, organizations, or social movements become increasingly bureaucratic Iron Law of Oligarchy: even democratic organizations eventually develop into bureaucracies rules by few Telecommuters Electronic Communication
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