1. Bureaucracy

2. Bureaucracy

3. What is a Bureaucracy? Gov. agencies that implement Government policies Hierarchy Professionalization Formality Record-keeping Specialization

4. Expertise of bureaucrats: The people who administer policy often know much more about those issues than the president or members of Congress. This expertise gives the bureaucrats power.

5. Types of Federal Agencies Executive Departments ◦Cabinet appointed by the president ◦Confirmed by Senate with its advice & consent Independent Regulatory Commissions ◦Small commissions w/greater independence ◦Fix terms – can only be fired “for cause” Government Corporations ◦Government companies that serve Public for fee ◦Suppose to be self supporting (example?) ◦Finance, energy, insurance Independent Agencies ◦Not part of Executive Department w/sub-cabinet rank* ◦NASA, EPA, *(Exception: CIA) ◦All heads serve at Pleasure of President

6. Federal Budget

9. Staffing the Bureaucracy Natural Aristocracy ◦Thomas Jefferson fired Federalist employees and placed his own men in government positions Spoils System ◦Andrew Jackson used government positions to reward supporters ◦Bureaucracy became corrupt, bloated, and inefficient

10. Civil Service Reform Pendleton Act of 1883 ◦Employment on the basis of merit and open, competitive exams ◦Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service Hatch Act of 1939 ◦Civil service employees cannot take an active party in the political management of campaigns Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinios (1990) ◦Court ruled that partisan political considerations as the basis for hiring, promoting, or transferring public employees was illegal

12. Iron Triangles Reinforcing relationship between: ◦Interest Groups ◦Congressional Subcommittees ◦Bureaucratic agencies Policy decisions are made jointly by these three groups who feed off each other to develop and maintain long-term, regularized relationships

13. Rule Making The federal bureaucracy makes rules that affect how programs operate These rules must be obeyed, just as if they were laws.

14. Rule-making The rule-making process for government agencies occurs in stages. After Congress passes new regulatory laws, the agency charged with implementing the law proposes a series of rules.

15. Policy implementation: When Congress creates a new program, it does not establish all the details on how the policy will be implemented. Instead, Congress passes enabling legislation, which grants power to an agency to work out the specifics.

16. Deregulation Since the Carter Administration in the late 1970s, the federal government has frequently sought to remove regulations established by earlier administrations, a practice called deregulation. The federal bureaucracy usually carries out deregulation, often with encouragement from the president. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, for example, the government deregulated the airline industry, significantly increasing competition and lowering prices..