1. The Roaring 20’s America After WWI

2. The First Red Scare – 1919-20 See textbook page 728 The role of Attorney General A. Palmer Mitchell Best seen in the case of Italians, Sacco and Vanzetti

3. Nativism and Immigration Quotas See page 730 Textbook – Stemming the Foreign Flood Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Immigration Act of 1924 Overall, what were the results of these acts?

4. Fighting the Recession After WWI, 2 million soldiers were looking for work Factories were closing because they were no longer getting orders for wartime goods from European nations

5. POSTWAR LABOR ISSUES Labor union membership dropped in the 1920s largely because of their association with Communist beliefs 1919 – Workers go on 3,000 strikes. America’s fear of the spread of Communism turns the public against the strikers who seem like radicals in a conservative time period. 3 strikes grabbed the public’s attention: (Review Book page 461) 1. Seattle shipyard workers were the first to go on strike in 1919 – 60,000 workers went on strike for higher wages. Troops were called out. There was no violence. 1.Boston Police Strike – police went on strike after a few officers were fired because they tried to unionize. Future President (then Gov. of Massachusetts) Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard to break the strike. 2.U.S. Steel Corporation Strike – state and federal troops were called out and, after considerable violence, the strike was broken.

6. Race Riots Whites resented the increased presence of African Americans in the North. Race riots erupted in Illinois in 1917. 1919 racial tensions led to violence especially in Chicago, where 40 people were killed and 500 were injured. In the South, racial lynching increased by whites as there was increased activity by the KKK.

7. Disarmament - Treaties Review Book Page 482 Washington Naval Conference 1921 Five-Power Treaty Four-Power Treaty Nine-Power Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact What was the goal of these treaties?

8. American Foreign Policy in the 1920s Most all Americans (including Harding and Coolidge) wanted to remain “isolationist” HOWEVER: 1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic interests in Mexico 2. The U.S. gave $10 million in aid to Russia during a famine 3. The U.S. still signed the “Kellogg-Briand Pact” with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)

9. “ Hopeful that, encouraged by their example, all the other nations of the world will join in this humane endeavor and by adhering to the present Treaty as soon as it comes into force bring their peoples within the scope of its beneficent provisions, thus uniting the civilized nations of the world in a common renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy” -Section of the Kellogg-Briand Pact http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/kbpact.htm

10. War Debts and Reparations Review Book Page 483 The Dawes Plan- –What was it? –What was its purpose? –Legacy?

11. “A Return to Normalcy” This became Warren G. Harding’s campaign slogan when he accidentally messed up the word, “Normality” Americans loved it and elected him He just looked presidential

12. Republicans Rule the 1920s “HARD”-”COOL”-”HOOV” All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican The names of the 3 presidents are Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Warren G. Harding died in office, probably due to shock Warren G. Harding 1921- 1923 (died in office) Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

13. President Harding’s Cabinet Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon, a wealthy financier Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover, famous for his food raising efforts during WWI “Ohio Gang”: Harding’s old friends from Ohio who were corrupt and stole money from the government

14. Harding’s Corrupt Cabinet Charles Forbes One of Harding’s old buddies Head of the Veteran’s Bureau Stole millions of dollars from the bureau “I can take care of my enemies all right, but my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floors at night!” – Harding Harding was very hard-working and honest, but his friends were not After several betrayals, Harding died of a heart attack in August, 1923 at a hotel in California.

15. The Teapot Dome Scandal Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall accepted a bribe to lease government land to oil executives One of these areas was called “Teapot Dome” in Wyoming Fall was sent to prison

16. The High Tariff of the 1920s (page 758 in text) Recent tariffs: Payne-Aldrich Tariff – signed under Taft – raised tariffs to an all time high Underwood Tariff – signed under Wilson – lowered tariffs to an average of 27% 1922 – Fordney-McCumber Tariff passed by Congress: 2 nd highest one in U.S. history raised tariffs to an average of 38.5% The 1920s Republican presidents favored high tariffs This tariff setoff a chain reaction: After WWI, Europe needed America to buy its goods. Tariffs too high. In response, Europe raised its tariffs against American goods. Helps to deepen the international economic crisis and provides a rung on the ladder by which Adolf Hitler could scramble to power.

17. Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President “Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw parties and give long speeches) He forced corrupt officials to resign He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge”

18. From War Goods to Consumer Goods Coolidge cut regulations on businesses Americans’ incomes rose People began to buy refrigerators, radios, vacuums, and other appliances Businesses began to advertise their products

19. “Coolidge Prosperity” “The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there. “The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there. Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge What does President Calvin Coolidge believe American prosperity rests on?

20. Buying on Credit Installment Buying= Buying on Credit (Buy now, pay later) Demands for goods jumped, but so did Americans’ debt “If we want anything, all we have to do is go and buy it on credit. So that leaves us without any economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps some day to have to pay for them.” –Comedian Will Rogers

21. Soaring Stock Market By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market People became rich overnight Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves

22. The Scopes Monkey Trial Who: John Scopes Where: Tennessee classroom When: 1920s What happened: TN law forbade the teaching of the theory of evolution promoted by Darwin. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/monkeytrial/ peopleevents/p_aclu.html

23. Women Gain the Right to Vote 19 th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women Voters This group tried to educate voters and ensure the right of women to serve on juries

24. Life Changes for Women Women were told to go back home when the men came home to the factories after WWI Many women stayed in the workforce as typists, cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses, teachers, secretaries, and store clerks Many women bought ready-made clothing instead of making their own Many women bought appliances to help them with housework after working a full day outside of the home

25. Impact of the Automobile Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry Ford’s assembly line made them so cheap General Motors also became a popular seller of cars

26. Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile Millions of jobs were created through factories, oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas stations, restaurants and tourist stops Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to escape crowded conditions in cities

27. Mass Culture Radio Movies (Above, lines outside a movie theatre) (Left, family listening to the radio

28. Radio and Movies Create Mass Culture Radio 1 st source of mass communication Everyone listening to same programs and news reports - united the country Politicians have direct access to the people Movies Movie industry boomed Talkies were made Fashions and lifestyles portrayed by actors were copied Movie stars become national icons (symbols)

29. The Jazz Age Fashion Fads, flappers Marathon Dancing

30. More Fads Flagpole sitting: Where young people would sit for hours and even days on top of a flagpole. (The record: 21 days!) Flagpole sitting: Where young people would sit for hours and even days on top of a flagpole. (The record: 21 days!)

31. The Dance Craze The Charleston Has a quick beat Dancers kick out their feet Popular dance for Flappers: Women who wore short skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove fast cars

32. New Music Jazz: Born in New Orleans, created by African Americans, combination of West African rhythms, African American songs and spirituals, European harmonies Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong (a trumpeter and singer from New Orleans), Bessie Smith (blues singer from Chattanooga) Tin Pan Alley – associated with songwriter Irving Berlin – refers to various music houses in New York City where songwriters and musicians composed and published songs. Berlin wrote over 3000 songs despite the fact that he could barely read music. Wrote favorites such as White Christmas and God Bless America The Jazz Singer – first talkie movie. Movie theaters were beginning to install sound equipment, and this revolutionized the movie industry.

33. A New Generation of American Writers – Called The Lost Generation Depressed about their awful experiences in World War I Criticized Americans for being obsessed with money and fun Many became expatriates (people who leave their own country to live in a foreign land) and moved to Europe

34. Ernest Hemingway Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI and in Europe Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea

35. F. Scott Fitzgerald  Wrote about wealthy young people who go to constant parties but cannot find happiness  He wrote The Great Gatsby  His characters had flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers

36. Sinclair Lewis Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to New York City Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to New York City He wrote books about rural people from a city person’s perspective (making them look stupid) He wrote books about rural people from a city person’s perspective (making them look stupid) Wrote Main Street and Babbitt Wrote Main Street and Babbitt

37. The Harlem Renaissance In the 1920s, many African American artists settled in Harlem, New York City Black artists, musicians, and writers celebrated their African and American heritage

39. Zora Neale Hurston Wrote novels, short essays, short stories Wrote novels, short essays, short stories Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners Published these in her book, Their Eyes were Watching God Published these in her book, Their Eyes were Watching God

40. Langston Hughes Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays First poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” First poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage Protested racism and acts of violence against blacks Protested racism and acts of violence against blacks

41. “ The night is beautiful, So the faces of my people. The stars are beautiful, So the eyes of my people. Beautiful also, is the sun. Beautiful also, are the souls of my people.” -Langston Hughes, “In My People”

42. Heroes of the 1920s Athletes: –Bobby Jones: Won nearly every golfing championship –Jack Dempsey: Heavyweight boxing champion for 7 years –Bill Tilden and Helen Willis: Tennis champions –Gertrude Ederle: 1 st woman to swim the English Channel

43. Babe Ruth Grew up in an orphanage Often in trouble as a boy Hit 60 homeruns in one season, and 714 overall Called the “Sultan of Swat”

44. Charles Lindbergh The greatest hero of the 1920s The first person to fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean alone Flew from New York to Paris Called “Lucky Lindy” because he had to fly for 33 ½ hours and didn’t carry a parachute, a radio, or a map

45. “The Noble Experiment” Prohibition Prohibition lead to organized crime. See a rise in the crime rate and mobsters and gangsters became a new group in society. Three of the most famous were Al Capone, Baby Face Nelson, and Bugs Moran.

46. Writing to Win Would you have liked living in the 1920s? Why or why not? 3-minute write – write as much as you can in 3 minutes. Be prepared to share