1. ADM & SRM

2. NTSB Accident Report Reading Seattle Cessna 172, late night collision with terrain Identify: Lapses in Judgment Risk Assessment (Remember back to PPL) The straw that broke the camels back © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

3. Vacuum Failure in IMC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF_x4IU8Ig4 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

4. What is Aeronautical Decision Making? A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5. Pilot Error Pilot contributed to substantially, or even caused, an accident Why is “Pilot Error” incorrect? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

6. Human Factors-Related It is never just one thing that leads to an accident Always a chain of events 75% of all aviation accidents are Human Factors-Related Sources of error: Misinterpretation of charts Failure to understand clearances Inability to use equipment properly Lack of crew coordination – Colgan Air 3407 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

7. Crew Resource Management – Airlines to GA Emphasizes the effective use of all available resources Redundancy as a check mechanism Workload management Situational Awareness Communication These have direct correlations from the airlines to the GA cockpit Work together to solve problems as they arise © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

8. Single Pilot Resource Management Same as CRM, but with only one pilot Personal Limitations Remember back to VFR Cross-Countries: Was the cockpit cluttered? Imagine what it is like in IMC © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

9. Task Command What does being an effective PIC mean? Recognize your limitations and assess your fitness for flight IMSAFE checklist Use a Risk Assessment Tool, if available © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

10. Recognize Resources Even if you know about the resources, you may not be able to use Use these resources appropriately Use these resources at the appropriate time What do you do if your iPad fails? (Checkride) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

11. Avoid Work Overload Task Saturation happens when a pilot is unable to complete all of the required elements for a flight an skips a necessary element Plan ahead and prioritize Checklists, ask passengers, etc. The key is to recognize that you are overloaded © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

12. Communicate Effectively Even the best pilot in the world is useless in IMC if he is unable to convey information to ATC correctly Remember that communication goes two ways When in doubt, ASK! © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

13. Situational Awareness Know where your aircraft is at ALL times An IFR pilot who is unable to visualize his position is useless More than just in the plane: Recognize issues before the flight: weather, aircraft issues, etc. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

14. Decision Making Process - DECIDE D – Detect the fact that a change has occurred E – Estimate the need to counter or react to the change C – Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight I – Identify actions which could successfully control the change D – Do the necessary action to adapt to the change E – Evaluate the effect of the action © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

15. PIC Responsibility Final authority (91.3) Who is PIC with two pilots? Consider adding to your Passenger Brief PIC responsibility: to establish an atmosphere of open communication in the cockpit The best SIC is of no help if they are stressed -or worse yet- scared © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

16. Hazardous Attitudes Anti-Authority Someone who doesn’t want to follow the rules “Don’t Tell Me” Follow the rules – there are reasons for them © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

17. Hazardous Attitudes Macho Someone who takes risks to prove they are better than the rest “I Can Do It” Taking chances is foolish © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

18. Hazardous Attitudes Invulnerability Someone who thinks that they are invisible “Nothing Can Happen to Me” It CAN happen to me © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

19. Hazardous Attitudes Impulsivity Someone who needs to get something done quickly will take more chances “Do It Quickly” Not so fast. Think first. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

20. Hazardous Attitudes Resignation Someone who gives up and refuse to handle the situation “What’s the Use?” I’m not helpless, I can make a difference © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

21. Affects of Stress Stress is a good thing (Eustress) in the right amount Too much stress can suddenly cause human performance to deteriorate (distress) Physical, psychological, and physiological stressors © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

22. Affects of Fatigue Acute fatigue vs. chronic fatigue Inability to focus Reduction in mental and physical ability Increases frequency of mistakes Impairs judgment Can have deadly consequences © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

23. Affects of Alcohol Histotoxic hypoxia Impairs judgment Decreased reaction time Increases fatigue Increased effects at higher altitude Regulations regarding alcohol… Crew member requirements Passengers requirements © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

24. Drugs Illegal drugs (narcotics, opiates etc.) Prescription medications Over-the-counter (OTC) medications Most drugs not tested at high altitudes Always consult an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

25. IMSAFE Self Checklist I – Illness Do not fly due to sinus and ear blockages M – Medication Even non drowsy medication has side effects at high altitudes S – Stress Acute Stress: Due to immediate threat Chronic Stress: Levels that create intolerable burden Some stress is good, too much is detrimental A – Alcohol Regulations vs. personal minimums F – Fatigue Acute: Short periods of time Chronic: Long periods of fatigue E – Eating Maintain a healthy diet and stay hydrated © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

26. Cockpit Resource Management Organized cockpit Have all publications readily available and organized neatly Place bookmarks in books and approach plates Fold all charts neatly to the page that shows route of flight Dial in all frequencies and navigation frequencies before workload increases If using GPS, have route programmed before departure Be familiar with where everything is located in the cockpit Be familiar with the entire route and airport approaches Take more than one pen or pencil © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

27. Crew Resource Management Use inside and outside resources for help Passengers and Crew Members Air Traffic Control Flight Service Station Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) Flight Watch Dispatchers Other Aircraft © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

28. References Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Instrument Flying Handbook Instrument Procedures Handbook © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.