1. NEW IMPERIALISM CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE China believed that all nations not Chinese were inferior and if they wanted to trade that they would have to pay tribute to China – Japan refused to pay tribute to China Europe was not part of this system Europe was forced to follow China’s strict rules The only city that would accept European trade was Guangzhou (Canton)

2. NEW IMPERIALISM CHINA 1700’s Trade with China limited –1. No foreign warships may sail into inlets after reaching port –2. Neither foreign women or firearms allowed in warehouses –3. No maids could be hired in the warehouses no more than 8 Chinese man servants –4. Foreigners living in warehouses not allowed to walk in and out of warehouses too frequently – could walk freely 100 yards around warehouses –5. No foreigners were allowed to learn Chinese or to buy Chinese books –6. Foreigners not allowed to row boats freely in the river-could visit gardens and temple 3 times a week –7. Foreign traders could not remain in Guangzhou harbor after the trading season

3. NEW IMPERIALISM China would sell its goods but Europe had difficulty finding something that China wanted from Europe- China had “No need for the products of foreign barbarians.” Europe found that something - Opium A Narcotic drug made from the Poppy plant

4. NEW IMPERIALISM European traders bought Opium in India and sold it illegally to China. Chinese officials took bribes from British traders to smuggle large amounts of the drug to China.

5. NEW IMPERIALISM Opium Trade Major Threat to China –1. By 1830 Opium made millions of Chinese people junkies. –2. It drained the cash flow from the Chinese treasury – silk and tea brought with silver usually went to the Chinese treasury –3. Now silver went to the British traders to pay for Opium instead of China keeping the silver for its treasury –4. Imbalance of Trade for China

6. NEW IMPERIALISM 1839 China cracks down on Opium smuggling China : –1. Arrested and executed Opium dealers –2. Emperor sent soldiers to Guangzhou and seized Opium and jailed British traders (British owned warehouses stored Opium) –3. Britain took offense and struck back - beginning the Opium War

7. NEW IMPERIALISM War lasted 3 years China not as well equipped for war as British British army and navy well armed – China still used spears and swords Chinese government asked for a peace settlement after battling it out for 3 years

8. NEW IMPERIALISM The Treaty of Nanjing 1842 The Unequal Treaty System-The Chinese No Longer Made the Rules 1. British had the right to trade in 5 Treaty Ports – port cities where traders could live 2. Foreigners would be tried under their own country’s laws not Chinese laws 3.Britain gained the Island of Hong Kong as a colony and a cash settlement for the destroyed opium

9. NEW IMPERIALISM In the years to come all European nations made similar agreements

10. China Manchu Dynasty was in trouble Qing government corrupt Public officials rich from bribes Neglected flood control duties Yellow River flooded-destroying crops Famine resulted Peasants left land and some sold it for very low prices.

11. China The Taiping rebellion Taiping men cut off their pigtails in sign of revolt Called for changes in society –land reforms Divide the land equally among all the peasants Equal rights for women- rights to take civil service exams and become government officials Over 1 million followers- Strong army defeated Imperial troops

12. CHINA Europeans and frightened Chinese came to the aid of the Manchu’s for fear of loosing their influence 1864 Rebellion was put down by Imperial troops with the aid of Europeans 20 million people died and the lands were destroyed Revolts from Muslims and peasants in the Yellow River Valley added more confusion to the Manchu reign

13. CHINA Europe took advantage of this this confusion and demanded better trading arrangements Looking for a fight the British and French found one and both sent forces to invade China in 1856. They captured Beijing and forced the emperor into exile. As a result each of the European countries carved out a sphere of influence where their country would have exclusive trading rights Europeans had special rights in these areas

14. CHINA Special Rights included 1. Right to trade 2. Right to dig for minerals 3. Right to build railroads 4. Right to set up military bases.

15. CHINA Attempts at reform “Self Strengthening” movement 1860’s China began to modernize Set up a foreign affairs office Reformed the tax system Built up arsenals Built up shipyards Mined coal

16. CHINA 1894-1895 Japan invaded China Sino-Japanese War Japan wanted control of Korea Japan defeated the Chinese- furthering the downslide of China China realized that Japan had won because of superior technology that they had learned from Europe China again weakened and Europe made additional demands on China

17. CHINA 1898 100 DAYS REFORM Emperor Guangxu began a reform system that allowed for changes in schools,the army and government Emperor’s Aunt Dowager Empress overthrew Guangxu and threw him in jail with the help of conservatives in the imperial court. Guangxu’s advisors were executed Dowager Empress conservatively ruled China

18. CHINA 1899 US instituted a new foreign policy aimed at China- The Open Door Policy This policy provided for all nations an equal access to trade with China. Chinese grew tired of Foreign influence and interference. Individuals had great distrust for Christians and sought to change the tide of European influence. In 1899 a group of Karate Ninja types rebelled in many parts of China

19. CHINA BOXER REBELLION In 1899 a group of Karate-Ninja types rebelled in many parts of China Their target was missionaries and Chinese Christians 1900 Rebels attacked homes of foreign diplomats in Beijing After 55 days of revolting Europe & US sent an army of 20,000 men to put down the rebellion.

20. CHINA 1908 Dowager Empress died – imprisoned emperor had died the day before Heir to throne a 2 yr old. Revolts broke out in China beginning in 1911. Nationalist Revolt begins 4,000 year Manchu rule ended in 1912

21. CHINA The Nationalist Revolution Sun Yat Sun leader of the revolution Western educated and Christian Nationalist Party had 3 Principles –1. Nationalism and strong central government –2. Democracy –3. Economic security for all

22. CHINA The president of the Nationalist party was General Yuan Shikai appointed because the movement needed military support to survive 1913 Yuan Shikai staged a military coup and acted as a military dictator. Civil War resulted groups fought for control Shikai died in 1916 further chaos for China

23. CHINA China angry with Europe after WWI they did not get back the Shandong peninsula taken by the Germans and Japanese. May 4, 1919 university students and teachers staged a rally in Beijing 1. demanded an end to foreign interference in China 2. wished to limit the power of the war lords 3. create a democracy. AKA May 4 th Movement

24. CHINA Sun Yat Sun wanted a democracy but could not pull it off by himself- Europe was no help so he went to the Soviet Union for aid. 1923 Soviet Union sent military and political help to China in return for allowing Chinese Communists participation in Kuomintang(legislature)

25. CHINA Sun Yat Sun died in 1925 his military assistant was Chiang Kai-Shek who became leader of the Kuomintang in 1926.

26. CHINA Chiang Kai- Shek distrusted the Communists And the advisors sent by the Soviet Union Goals 1. Defeat the warlords who controlled most of China 2. Chiang was successful in defeating the warlords with the Nationalist Army 3. 1927 moved the capitol to Nanjing and took control of eastern China 4. Most governments recognized this as the official government of China

27. CHINA 1927 Chaing turned against the Communists and sent the Soviet advisors back to the USSR. Chiang Kai-Shek purged all the Chinese Communists in the Kuomintang. Tried to Strengthen and modernize China –1. Banking System changed to attract new investment –2. The Unequal treaty system with the West abolished –3. Communication and transportation improved –1930’s coastal cities of China became prosperous manufacturing and business centers s

28. CHINA Countryside still under warlord control. Sun had promised to distribute land to peasants large landowners opposed this Chiang needed the support of landowners so he did not make these changes Early 1930’s dissatisfied party members defected to the surviving members of the Communist Party.

29. CHINA Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) and the other communists hiding in the hills were building a base for a revolution of peasant farmers. Mao recruited peasants into his RED ARMY and trained them in guerilla warfare. Chiang Kai-Shek tried to destroy the communists using warlords and government troops.

30. CHINA 1934 Nationalist troops surrounded the Communist main base The Communists broke through the Nationalists lines Long March began in October 1934 Communists trudged through the mountains deserts 6,000 miles

31. CHINA Fighting starvation, disease and Nationalist bombings they started with 100,000 men women and children ended up with 10,000 At the end of WWII Mao and Chiang Kai-shek battled until 1949 when the Chinese Revolution was finally over. Communists took control over mainland China Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan and set up an official Chinese Government that the US and other nations officially recognized.

32. CHINA Chairman Mao set up the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China Oct. 1, 1949. National Peoples Congress set up made up of 1,000 elected members The Communist Party destroyed all opposition More than 1 million people purged. Some people were sent to forced labor camps New propaganda billboards, flyers etc sent out to educate the public to support the new government.

33. CHINA Economic troubles for war-torn China –1. Industries at ½ production of prewar levels –2. Railroads, bridges, roads needed repairs –3. Trade non existent –4. Inflation left currency worthless

34. CHINA Mao’s 5 Year Plan –1. State ownership of farms farms became collective –2. Rationing, price controls brought fairer distribution of food –3. Industrial production – steel –Still remained predominantly agricultural

35. CHINA Great Leap Forward 1958 New 5 Year Plan not satisfied with the results of the first one Goals to increase industrial and agricultural production and to rapidly transfer $$$ from the cities to the countryside

36. CHINA Communes formed from former collective farms Farmers unhappy living in barracks production went down

37. CHINA Cultural Revolution 1966 Reeducate China- get rid of the 4 olds Old thoughts-old culture-old customs-old habits People were ousted from the Communist Party- sent to work camps communes or killed Paintings, songs poems were only beautiful if they were politically correct Red Guard made up of zealous youth attacked anyone with traditional ideas Guide book- The Sayings of Chairman Mao

38. CHINA Red Guard went berserk bullied and killed anyone who did not show a revolutionary spirit. Chairman Mao stopped the Red Guard from further rampages in 1968.

39. CHINA 1970’S Zhou Enlai - a Premier of China Invited US Ping Pong team to China (like in Forest Gump) 1972 Nixon went to China

40. CHINA Deng Xiaoping became the next leader of China in 1976 Called for reform The 4 Modernizations –1. progress in agriculture –2. progress in industry –3. progress in defense –4. science and technology

41. CHINA Deng’s Reforms Incentives to work!!! Broke up communes- People encouraged to start small businesses Local officials given more power in economic matters Asked Japan and the West for help in improving technology and management

42. CHINA TIANANMEN SQUARE April 1989 –100,000 students staged an uprising –“Down with corruption. Down with dictatorship Long live democracy.” –Called for Deng to resign –Deng declared martial law –250,000 marched into Beijing

43. CHINA 1990’s government encouraged open market industries, and modernization- foreign trade increased- Investments from Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan contributed to economic expansion

44. CHINA Hong Kong lost its role of British territory in 1997. Hong Kong was turned over to China The world was skeptical about how the Chinese would run Hong Kong Hong Kong is still doing business the way it was under British authority

45. China Deng died December 1997 Jaing Zemin assumed the presidency Was former mayor of Shanghai Visited USA in 1997

46. CHINA President Bush was in China last year working on trade negotiations Japan and China have purchased many U.S. Treasury Bonds China has become an economic force to be reckoned with. The U. S. imports tons of merchandise from China. There is a negative imbalance of trade for the U.S. We import more than we export!