1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N W W W. P R E N H A L L. C O M / R O B B I N S © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Chapter 12 Basic Approaches to Leadership TWELFTH EDITION

2. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–1 What Is Leadership? Leadership The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Management Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members.

3. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–2 Trait Theories Leadership Traits: Ambition and energyAmbition and energy The desire to leadThe desire to lead Honest and integrityHonest and integrity Self-confidenceSelf-confidence IntelligenceIntelligence High self-monitoringHigh self-monitoring Job-relevant knowledgeJob-relevant knowledge Leadership Traits: Ambition and energyAmbition and energy The desire to leadThe desire to lead Honest and integrityHonest and integrity Self-confidenceSelf-confidence IntelligenceIntelligence High self-monitoringHigh self-monitoring Job-relevant knowledgeJob-relevant knowledge Traits Theories of Leadership Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from non-leaders.

4. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–3 Behavioral Theories Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made.Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made. Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught.Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught. Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made.Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made. Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught.Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught. Behavioral Theories of Leadership Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-leaders.

5. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–4 Ohio State Studies Initiating Structure The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of sub- ordinates in the search for goal attainment. Consideration The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinate’s ideas, and regard for their feelings.

6. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–5 University of Michigan Studies Employee-Oriented Leader Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members. Production-Oriented Leader One who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.

7. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–6 The Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton)

8. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–7 Contingency Theories Fiedler’s Contingency Model The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.

9. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–8 Cognitive Resource Theory Research Support : Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership roles under high stress than do more intelligent individuals. Less experienced people perform better in leadership roles under low stress than do more experienced people. Research Support : Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership roles under high stress than do more intelligent individuals. Less experienced people perform better in leadership roles under low stress than do more experienced people. Cognitive Resource Theory A theory of leadership that states that stress can unfavorably affect a situation and that intelligence and experience can lessen the influence of stress on the leader.

10. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–9 Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) A contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness. Leader: decreasing need for support and supervision Follower readiness: ability and willingness Unable and Unwilling Unable but Willing Able and Willing Directive High Task and Relationship Orientations Supportive Participative Able and Unwilling Monitoring

11. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–10 Leadership Styles and Follower Readiness (Hersey and Blanchard) Willing Unwilling Able UnableDirective High Task and Relationship Orientations Supportive Participative Monitoring Follower Readiness Leadership Styles

12. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–11 Leader–Member Exchange Theory Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, and subordinates with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction.

13. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–12 Leader-Member Exchange Theory

14. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.12–13 The Path-Goal Theory