1. Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism 1800-1870

2. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Began in 1700s 5 main factors that contributed Ready supply of capital ($)Natural resourcesAgrarian revolutionSupply of marketsPopulation growth

3. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Agrarian revolution : more farmland, good weather, improved transportation Population growth : peasants moved to towns creating labor supply for factories Ready supply of capital ($) : invest in new machines and factories Entrepreneurs found new ways to make $ w/ little gov’t interference

4. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Natural resources : rivers provided water for factories and transportation Large supplies of coal and iron ore Supply of markets: provided outlet for finished goods

5. Spread of Industrialization Industrial Revolution spread to Belgium, France and German states In these countries, gov’t encouraged industrialization- provided $ to build roads, canals, and railroads Also occurred in U.S.- large waves of people moved into cities (farmers) Thousands of miles of railroads and canals were built to aid in transportation of goods 1807: built paddle-wheel steamboat Women and girls made up majority of textile factory workers

6. Paddle-Wheel Steamboat

7. Social Impact in Europe Large population boom due to decline in death rate (war and disease less frequent) and increase in food supply Famine and poverty were two factors in global migration and urbanization Rise of industrial capitalism: economic system based on industrial production New industrial middle class made up of people who built factories and developed markets

8. Industrial Working Class Working class faced horrible conditions 12-16 hours day, 6 days a week, no min wage or job security Coal mines left workers in cramped conditions with poor air quality and the fear of cave-ins Cotton mills had worst conditions: dirty, dusty and unhealthy Parliament passed Factory Act of 1833: protected children working in factories Since women and children’s hours limited, men earned most of income Women took care of children and worked from home to contribute

9. Early Socialism Socialism: economic system (usually in form of a gov’t) in which society owns and controls means of production such as factories and utilities Idea was that public ownership meant wealth distributed more equally to everyone Robert Owen: British cotton manufacturer and socialist Believed humans could show natural goodness if they lived in cooperative society

10. Congress of Vienna After defeat of Napoleon, European rulers moved to restore the old order This was the goal of the Congress of Vienna in 1814 Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia Believed by restoring lawful monarchs that ruled before Napoleon there would be peace and stability in Europe Also balanced out political and military forces so no one country was too powerful

11. Congress of Vienna Rulers of Europe believed in conservatism: belief in the value of social stability Favored obedience to political authority and organized religion Great powers eventually adopted the principle of intervention: right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones Britain refused because believed that great powers should NOT interfere in the internal affairs of other states Conservatism worked throughout Europe to maintain the old order but liberalism and nationalism were also at work

12. Liberalism Liberalism: people should be as free as possible from government restraint Political beliefs included protection of basic rights such as equality before law and freedom of speech Believed all freedoms should be guaranteed by a written document (ex: Bill of Rights) and favored constitutions Wanted religious toleration and separation of church and state Believed that a representative assembly, elected by qualified voters, should make laws Liberals did not believe in a democracy b/c thought right to vote and hold office was for men who owned property

13. Nationalism Nationalism did not become popular force for change until the French Revolution After, it became a threat to the existing political order United countries (Germany and Hungary) would mean a breakup of the Austrian Empire and upset the balance of power set up by the Congress of Vienna Nationalism and liberalism were allies: belief that each group of people should have their own state

14. Revolutionary Outbursts In 1830 liberals overthrew the monarch in France and established a constitutional monarchy Belgium created an independent state Revolutions also began to occur in France, Germany, Central Europe and Italy

15. Romanticism Emerged as a reaction to ideas of the Enlightenment Emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing Valued individualism Romantic architects revived the medieval style Romantic artists believed art should reflect the artist’s inner feelings and mirror their vision of the world

16. Eugene Delacroix French Passion for color Many paintings depicted scenes of uprisings against tyrants ‘Liberty Leading the People’ Woman=liberty Inspiration for the Statue of Liberty

17. Romanticism in Literature Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ Edgar Allen Poe Romantics viewed poetry as the direct expression of the soul Love of nature-served as a mirror into which humans could look to learn about themselves Romantics convinced industrialization would cause people to become alienated from their inner selves and natural world

18. Realism Belief the world should be viewed realistically Sought to show everyday life of ordinary people and the world of nature with photographic realism Gustave Courbet ‘The Stone Breakers

19. Realism in Literature Rejected romanticism and wanted to write about ordinary characters from life Preferred novels Examined social issues Charles Dickens novels showed the realities of life for the poor in the early Industrial Age

20. Chapter 20 Mass Society and Democracy 1870-1914

21. New Urban Environment Migration from rural areas to cities to find work in blue-collar industries Population in cities boomed Cities grew due to improvements in public health and sanitation Boards of health were created to improve housing quality Building/medical inspectors Buildings required to have running water and internal drainage Clean water (reservoirs) and effective sewage systems

22. Social Structure Upper Class 5% of population but controlled 30-40% of the wealth Industrialists, bankers, merchants became leaders in gov’t and military Middle Class Various economic and social levels Some lawyers, scientists, and doctors while others small shopkeepers Preached that hard work= positive results Working Class 80% of European population Peasants, farm laborers, domestic servants Reforms made life bit better- more $ and time off for leisure

23. Women’s Experiences New job opportunities- typists, secretaries, telephone operators and nurses Some women stayed at home with children while others had to work Feminist movement: equality for women Suffrage movement: right to vote