1. Chapter 7

2. Republic of Indonesia 17,000 islands (close to 6,000 inhabited) Southeast Asia Formerly Dutch East Indies Company (colonized by Dutch) Independence: 1945 (full sovereignty, 1949) Java Jakarta (capital) Surakarta and Yogyarkarta (Central Java – gamelan) National unity efforts: Unity in Diversity (slogan) Bahasa Indonesia (language) Cultural nationalism (including gamelan and related arts) Islam principal religion (but Hinduism principal religion of Bali)

3. Gamelan Central Javanese court gamelan (CD 1-7) Balinese gamelan gong kebyar (CD 2-12) In what ways are do they sound similar? In what ways do they sound different? Balinese gamelan video (kebyar – “Sekar Jupun”): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPIZObNdJb0 Javanese gamelan video (“Puspawarna”): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xQttRtx35s

4. Similarities Instruments Gongs, metallophones (gangsa in Bali), drums, end-blown bamboo flutes, bowed chordophones Cyclic forms Related tuning systems, scales, modes Similar polyphony (higher/faster, lower/slower) Melodic layers: core melody, melodic elaboration Hindu basis and related musical symbolism Associations with dance, dance-drama, shadow puppetry (wayang), and other arts UNESCO wayang video (5:00): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfydro4X2t0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfydro4X2t0

5. Differences Energy, tempo Mood Social symbolism Drumming Interlocking vs. multiple-melody textures Paired tuning (male-female) of instruments (Bali) OMI 22

6. The Balinese Gamelan Beleganjur Audio Musical Guided Tour (p. 96) Instruments (know reyong, gong ageng) Gilak gong cycle Core melody and melodic elaboration Rhythms and interlocking patterns Polyphonic stratification

7. Kilitan Telu Ubiquitous set of interlocking rhythms in Balinese gamelan Featured in cymbal (cengceng) interlocking in beleganjur Same set of rhythms (aka cak telu) also used in Kecak dance- drama Kilitan Telu (Cak Telu)

8. Kecak (CD 2-13) Sanghyang Dedari (trance dance) Gamelan suara Walter Spies Island of Demons (1933 film) Ramayana Hindu epic (also Mahabharata) Rama, Sita, Rawana, monkey army (Sugriwa, Hanuman) Kecak (from Baraka) https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=nAUoa9p mokA

9. Beleganjur in Balinese Ritual Agama Tirta (Religion of Holy Water) Cremation ceremony (ngaben) Performed by members of the banjar Purpose: Release soul (atma) to Upper World of Balinese cosmos Procession of atma to cremation grounds Multi-tiered cremation tower (wadah), followed by gamelan beleganjur, directed by lead drummer (CD 2-14) Gamelan beleganjur functions: Frighten and deflect evil spirits (bhutas, leyaks) Give courage to the atma Energize tower carriers Regulate pace of procession Function of the ensemble most important at crossroads. Why? Beleganjur cremation field video (Bakan): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztlVXln-ZlM

10. Kreasi Beleganjur Modern, contest style Originated in 1986 Two pioneering composers: Sukarata, Asnawa Style is exhibitionistic rather than functional Innovations of kreasi style: Compositional originality Ensemble virtuosity Showmanship emphasis (including gerak) Varied musical textures

11. Musical Examples Contest performance – composer: Sukarata (CD 2-15) “Wira Ghorava Cakti ’95” – composer: Suandita (CD 2-16) Distinctive features of this piece: Gong cycle drops out at some points Unaccompanied feature sections (e.g., reyong section, 0:19) Plethora of melodic and rhythmic variations – virtuosic Many changes in tempo and dynamics Complex interlocking (e.g., 8 rather than 3 interlocking cymbal patterns) Same group (Meranggi), 1992: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgWIGNS-zOo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgWIGNS-zOo Follow Guided Listening Quick Summary GLQS, p. 108 Awesome 2005 contest performance! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28-5r9-BdwQ

12. Crossing International Borders Western composers: Debussy, Cage, Reich, Glass, Tenzer Indonesian musik kontemporer: Asnawa, etc. Syncretism of Indonesian and Western musics in popular, jazz, etc. I Wayan Balawan (Balinese electric guitar virtuoso) “Country Beleganjur” (CD 2-18) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiz83vNXGZc

13. Hip hop Gamelan? Fusion of Balinese gamelan (kebyar, beleganjur) with hip hop/scratch turntabling B.A.Ph.PET (Bakan) (CD 2-19) Turntable soloist: Charles Tremblay Florida State University Balinese Gamelan (Sekaa Gong Hanuman Agung) Opening reyong rhythm derived from kilitan telu Kotekan-style interlocking on gangsa (metallophones) And one more!! Batik Tribe, “Indo Yo Ey” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFAlF7qSuKc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFAlF7qSuKc