1. CHINA Yansi A., Itzel P., Fidel O.

2. Overview In 1919 the political power of China was in the hands of the people The Chinese government was dominated by warlords They were more concerned with their own political power than the nation as a whole China had entered World War I on the Allied side with the condition that all German Spheres of influence such as Shandong Province would be surrendered and given to China However, a warlord of the government had secretly struck a deal with Japan offering the German colonies for financial support in return In the Treaty of Versailles Japan was awarded with German rights in Shandong Province

3. PEOPLE

4. Henry Pu-yi (Feb 7, 1906-Oct. 17, 1967) Twelfth and final ruler of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty Ruled as the Xuantong Emperor at the age of two in 1908 Qing Dynasty est. 1644-1911, last imperial dynasty Pu-yi was forced to abdicate the throne at the age of 6 on Feb 12, 1912, in response to the Republican Revolution 1934: declared emperor of Japan’s puppet state, Machukuo under the name Kangde 1945: Pu-yi ruled until the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War 1949: Imprisoned as a war criminal for 10 years after the People’s Republic of China was est.

5. Sun Yat-Sen (Nov. 12, 1866- Mar. 12, 1925) Referred to as the father of the nation in the republic of china Three principles of the people (political philosophy) 1905: organized men and women students, literati, and military officials into a political party, later known as Kuomintang Co-Founded Kuomintang shortly after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 Double Tenth Revolution (leading up to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty ) Served as first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911-12), ceded power to military leader Yuan Shikai And later as de facto ruler ( 1923-25)

6. Sun’s Kuomintang Literally means the Chinese National People’s Party Organized in 1905 by Sun, made up of men/women students, literati, and military officials 1906-1911: series of 10 unsuccessful uprisings to overthrow the Manchus Wuchang Uprising, or “Double Tenth”: the 11 th uprising, occurred on October 10, 1911. served as the catalyst to the Xinhai Revolution, ending the Qing Dynasty Established the Republic of China in 1912 Sun allied with Soviet Russia, and combined KMT and CCP

7. Sun Yat-Sen’s Three Principles of the People Political philosophy that showed Western political and social influence The Three People’s Principles consist of: Nationalism: stressed the overthrow of the Manchus and recovery of China’s rights from imperialism Democracy: under a liberal republic in which the people would be sovereign through a representative government Livelihood: industrial socialism and land reform for the people

8. Chiang Kai-shek (Oct. 31, 1887- Apr. 5, 1975) Influental member of KMT 1925: Emerged as Sun Yat-Sen’s sucesor to KMT Party 1926: Chiang was elected Commander in Chief of KMT 1926-28: Northern Expedition; military campaign led by KMT, aim was to rule China by ending the rule of the Beiyang Govt. as well as the local warlords Led to the end of the Warlord Era, reunification of China in 1928, and establishment of the Nanjing Govt. 1927: expelled CCP from KMT, as well as Soviet advisors from China 1928: all of China unified under KMT

9. China’s Nationalist Govt. 1928-1948: served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek was the dominant figure in this government 1928-1931: Chiang defeated former warlords who challenged his power, and in the process expanded the power of the central govt. 1937: Japan invaded China : Chiang’s position began to weaken, agreed to a temporary truce with the CCP 1946: Civil war broke out between the KMT and the Communists 1949: Communist victory, est. the People’s Republic of China; Chiang fled to Taiwan where he est. a government in exile.

10. Zhou Enlai (Mar. 5, 1898- Jan. 8, 1976) Was a leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party and served under Mao Zedong One of the greatest negotiators of the 20 th century 1949-1976: Premier of the People’s Republic of China 1949- 1958: Foreign minister of PRC advocated for peaceful coexistence with the West after the Korea War Participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference Survived purges of top officials during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s

11. Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) Chinese Communist revolutionary, converted to Marxism- Leninism 1921: Founding member of the Chinese Communist Part (CCP) 1923: temporarily allied with KMT Party to defeat the warlords who controlled much of northern China 1927: Chiang Kai-shek launched an anti-communist purge and the CCP was expelled from KMT 1934: led his followers on the Long March, a 6,000 mile journey to relocate the communist revolutionary base in northwest China

12. Mao Zedong- People’s Republic of China 1949: proclaimed himself founding father of the People’s Republic of China governed as Chairman of Communist Party of China Solidified his control through land reforms and campaigns against landlords 1958: “The Great Leap Forward”- an attempt to introduce a more ‘Chinese’ form of communism, aimed at mass mobilization of labor to improve agricultural and industrial production Massive decline in agricultural output-led to famine and deaths of millions  weakened Mao’s position 1966: “Cultural Revolution”- an attempt to reassert his authority, aimed to purge counter- revolutionary elements in China. Violent class struggle, destruction of cultural heritage 1972: Welcomed President Richard Nixon, signaling a policy of opening China

13. EVENTS

14. May 4th Movement (1919) An, anti-imperialist, cultural, political movement Students in Beijing protested... The Chinese government’s poor response to the Treaty of Versailles The arrangement allowing the Japanese to take possession of territories in the Shandong province Claimed that the government was unable to protect Chinese interests

15. May 4th Movement (1919) cont. Called for a boycott of Japanese products The movement ended with student protesters arrested, jailed, and beaten The May 4 th Movement is said to have sparked the founding of the Chinese Communist Party Marxism was seen as a possible revolutionary ideology for China

16. First United Fronts (1924-27) It was the first coalition between the KMT (Kuomintang) and CCP (Chinese Communist Party). led by Sun-Yat Sen the leader of the KMT, he allowed the CCP members of coalition to retain memberships because the coalition obtained soviet military and organizational aid.( bloc within alliance

17. Northern Expedition (1926-28) Chiang-Kai Shek, in 1926 became commander in chief. Removed communists from influential spots in government. In July 1927 the first united front finally ended after the bloody purge of communists by Chiang and his followers in April 1927. The coalition had been separated since then, the KMT established in Wu-Han, and the communist had support in Central china.

18. Chinese Soviet Republic “JiangXi Soviet”, it was a small communist state within China located in the Jiangxi province. Led by Mao Zedong and Zhou De; both began to create a peasant-based government since they were free from Moscow oriented leaders of their own party They attempted to capture urban areas with a few supporters and failed. They established a new land redistribution policy which people supported they gained supporters and control of an area with 1/2 a million people.

19. 1930-33 Chiang-Kai Shek, had 4 massive campaigns aimed towards encircling and annihilating communists they all failed because of the guerrilla warfare used to defend communists domain. New leaders took over, changed Mao’s policies to target any and all land bearers even if they were peasants. Chiang took the opportunity, and launched a 5th assault on the JiangXi soviet. Who were overwhelmed because they performed positional warfare instead of guerrilla warfare.

20. Manchurian (Mukden) Incident (1931) It is the seizure of the city of Mukden, in Manchuria. It was followed by the invasion of all of Manchuria by Japan. As well as by the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo which was established in the area. Japan felt that Manchuria was needed as a buffer to protect Japans colony of Korea. Kwantung army attacked saying an explosion in its section of the South Manchurian Railway was the reason for invading Mukden.

21. Long March (1934-35) The long march is a historic trek which established Mao Zedong as the undisputed leader. It also martyrized the communist cause. How? The communists crossed 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers in order to get from the Jianxi Province to the province of Shanxii in Northwestern China. When did it start it start in 1934 after Chiang’s fifth campaign to encircle and annihilate communists. The track was led by Mao and Zhang with opposite views. Mao wanted to go north, Zhang went south with Zhu de. Mao’s group joined the communists at Shanxii and the power of red army swelled, to 30,000 men they eventually contested the nationalists and won control of mainland china in December 1936.

22. Xian Incident (1936) Xi’an Incident, also called Sian Incident, (Dec. 12–25, 1936) What is it? A seizure of the Nationalist generalissimo by Zhang Xueliang and Yang hucheng. Who arrested Chiang Kai Shek to order a stop to civil war. And to institute an 2nd united front to face Japanese who had invaded or threatened to invade their homelands. Zhang and Yang "convinced" Chiang to give his oral consent on December 25 1936. After meeting with Zhou Enlai and agreeing to terms of communists. He later arrested Zhang on the way back to his base. He send Yang abroad and on his return arrested him and secretly ordered his execution.

23. Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) Conflict between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge By 1937 Japanese expansion in northern China produced an anti-Japanese movement in China The Japanese army was near the Marco Polo Bridge On July 7, 1937, a small Japanese force demanded entry to the town of Wanping to search for one of their soldiers. The Chinese refused to let them enter causing both of them to fire.

24. Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) cont. The Chinese government refused to make any acknowledgements in the negotiation of the dispute. The Japanese also maintained their position resulting in more conflicts This incident is said to be the preface to the Pacific side of World War II.

25. Nanking Massacre (1937) The Nanking Massacre is also known as the rape of Nanking due to the large amount of people murdered and raped by Japanese troops Occurred when the Japanese troops captured the Chinese capital, Nanking The massacre lasted a six-week period It is estimated that 250,000 to 300,000 people were killed It was labeled as a war crime Several perpetrators were later on tried, found guilty and executed Eyewitness report filed by a New York Times reporter http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ nanking.asp http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ nanking.asp

26. DEFINITIONS

27. Extraterritoriality Extraterritoriality is the immunity from the jurisdiction of a nation It is granted to foreign officials It can also refer to the applicability or exercise of a sovereign's laws outside its territory.

28. Sphere of Influence Sphere of influence refers to the state or organization at the level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating and influencing to the interests of powers outside China began to develop a sense of nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders Western Ideals Science and Democracy Marxism and Communism

29. Guomintang (Kuomintang) Kuomintang nationalists They called for parliamentary democracy and moderate socialism Initially in coalition with the Communists, Kuomintang forces established government in Nanjing in 1928. There was bureaucratic inefficiency and corruption. Chiang Kai Shek never fully consolidated control at the local level the warlords still held more provincial power. Busy with civil war and the threat from Japan, the Kuomintang was not able to remove such threats from the peasant population.

30. QUESTIONS

31. Question #1 At what age did Pu-yi succeed and abdicate the imperial throne of China?

32. Question #2 Why did Zang and Yhang want to recreate the United Front?

33. Question #3 The __________ was an, anti-imperialist, cultural, political movement in which Beijing students protested against the Chinese government’s poor response to the Treaty of Versailles and the arrangement allowing the Japanese to take possession of territories in the Shandong province

34. Question #4 The Marco Polo Bridge incident was a conflict between_____ and ______. This incident is said to be the preface to the Pacific side of __________.

35. Question #5 What event martyrized the communist actions? Why?

36. CITATIONS

37. Jiangxi Soviet." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. "Long March." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. "Mukden Incident." Britannica School.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. "Northern Expedition." Britannica School.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. "United Front." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. "Xi’an Incident." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

38. http://chineseposters.net/themes/may-fourth-movement.php http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 2/mswv2_13.htm http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 2/mswv2_13.htm http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c03s05.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364275/Marco-Polo-Bridge-Incident http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/nanking.asp http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/china_50/guomi ndang.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/china_50/guomi ndang.htm http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/extraterritoriality

39. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/656977/Zhou-Enlai http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573697/Sun-Yat-sen http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482238/Puyi http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112846/Qing-dynasty http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/chiang_kaishek.shtml