1. cellular respiration and exercise

2. Cellular respiration Cellular respiration includes all the reactions in the cells of your body that convert the food you eat into a molecule of energy your cells can use called adenosine triphosphate, or ATPCellular respiration includes all the reactions in the cells of your body that convert the food you eat into a molecule of energy your cells can use called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP

3. Anaerobic vs. aerobic There are two types of cellular respiration or cellular metabolismThere are two types of cellular respiration or cellular metabolism Anaerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration Occurs in the absence of oxygenOccurs in the absence of oxygen Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cellsTakes place in the cytoplasm of the cells Relies solely on carbohydrates for energyRelies solely on carbohydrates for energy Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration Occurs in the presence of oxygenOccurs in the presence of oxygen Takes place in the mitochondria of the cellTakes place in the mitochondria of the cell Uses carbohydrates and fats to produce energyUses carbohydrates and fats to produce energy

4. Anaerobic respiration There are two types of anaerobic energy systems High Energy Phosphates High Energy Phosphates ATP (Adenosine Triphonsphate) CP (Creatine Phosphate) The body stores limited suppliesThe body stores limited supplies Anaerobic Glycolosis Anaerobic Glycolosis Uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygenUses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen Consequence of rapid glucose breakdown is the formation of lactic acidConsequence of rapid glucose breakdown is the formation of lactic acid

5. Anaerobic Glycolosis

6. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration The release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of oxygenThe release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of oxygen Strictly speaking aerobic means in air, but it is the oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration.Strictly speaking aerobic means in air, but it is the oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration.

7. Glucose The glucose needed for aerobic respiration can come from three different places:The glucose needed for aerobic respiration can come from three different places: Remaining glycogen supplies in the musclesRemaining glycogen supplies in the muscles Breakdown of the liver's glycogen into glucose, which gets to working muscle through the bloodstreamBreakdown of the liver's glycogen into glucose, which gets to working muscle through the bloodstream Absorption of glucose from food in the intestine, which gets to working muscle through the bloodstreamAbsorption of glucose from food in the intestine, which gets to working muscle through the bloodstream

8. Aerobic Reaction Respiration is not simply breathing - it is a process which releases energy inside each cell of the bodyRespiration is not simply breathing - it is a process which releases energy inside each cell of the body

9. Aerobic reaction Equation for the reaction Equation for the reaction Reactants i.e. needed to take part in the processReactants i.e. needed to take part in the process Delivered to cells in bloodstreamDelivered to cells in bloodstream Glucose - From digestion of food (especially carbohydrates)Glucose - From digestion of food (especially carbohydrates) Oxygen - From air breathed inOxygen - From air breathed in Products i.e. made by the processProducts i.e. made by the process Removed from cells in blood streamRemoved from cells in blood stream Carbon Dioxide - Into air breathed outCarbon Dioxide - Into air breathed out Water - Left in cell/blood/breathed out as vaporWater - Left in cell/blood/breathed out as vapor Not "made" but released from molecules of reactantNot "made" but released from molecules of reactant Used to power all the cell's processes-movement, electrical activity, synthesisUsed to power all the cell's processes-movement, electrical activity, synthesis EnergyEnergy

10. Aerobic Respiration Movement of substances into and out of a cell Movement of substances into and out of a cell

11. Anaerobic vs. aerobic The type of respiration you use depends on the intensity and duration of your exerciseThe type of respiration you use depends on the intensity and duration of your exercise Anaerobic ExerciseAnaerobic Exercise Occurs at the onset of exercise for up to 90 secondsOccurs at the onset of exercise for up to 90 seconds Repeated bouts of short and intense exercise such as sprinting or weightliftingRepeated bouts of short and intense exercise such as sprinting or weightlifting Aerobic ExerciseAerobic Exercise Exercise that continues beyond 90 secondsExercise that continues beyond 90 seconds Sustained activity or exercise such as jogging or swimmingSustained activity or exercise such as jogging or swimming

12. Response to exercise The brain responds to the increase of cellular respiration by influencing:The brain responds to the increase of cellular respiration by influencing: heart rateheart rate blood pressureblood pressure arterial functionarterial function respirationrespiration

13. Response to exercise Brain recieves feed back from the body that allows it to determine if there is an increase need for oxygenBrain recieves feed back from the body that allows it to determine if there is an increase need for oxygen BaroreceptorsBaroreceptors monitor the stretch inside of your heart, arteries and pulmonary arteries and veinsmonitor the stretch inside of your heart, arteries and pulmonary arteries and veins ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors send feedback based on the oxygen and carbon dioxide content and pH of your bloodsend feedback based on the oxygen and carbon dioxide content and pH of your blood

14. Response to exercise Breathing when exercising is very important.Breathing when exercising is very important. The air enters the lungs and the oxygen in the air is passed through the lining of the lungs.The air enters the lungs and the oxygen in the air is passed through the lining of the lungs. The oxygen is taken up by the red blood cells.The oxygen is taken up by the red blood cells. The red blood cells enter the circulating blood carrying the oxygen.The red blood cells enter the circulating blood carrying the oxygen. The blood goes to the heart and is circulated throughout the entire body.The blood goes to the heart and is circulated throughout the entire body. The muscles use this oxygen for the needed energy as it is being used will give off a waste product (carbon dioxide). The muscles use this oxygen for the needed energy as it is being used will give off a waste product (carbon dioxide). The carbon dioxide (CO2) is in turn released into the blood stream and returned to the lungs to be exhaled. The carbon dioxide (CO2) is in turn released into the blood stream and returned to the lungs to be exhaled.

15. Response to exercise When our body exercises, our muscle cells are more activeWhen our body exercises, our muscle cells are more active More energy is needed so more aerobic respiration occurs, and more oxygen must be provided.More energy is needed so more aerobic respiration occurs, and more oxygen must be provided.

16. Response to exercise Muscles in our circulatory system and our respiratory system respond to the body's new requirements.Muscles in our circulatory system and our respiratory system respond to the body's new requirements. Our heart rate increases to speed up the supply of oxygenated blood to the muscles, and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. It also increases the supply of glucose to the muscles.

17. Response to exercise Our breathing rate increases to increase the supply of air to the lungs, so that more oxygen can be absorbed.Our breathing rate increases to increase the supply of air to the lungs, so that more oxygen can be absorbed. Inside the lungs, air is replaced more quickly so that oxygen content is kept high, and carbon dioxide does not build upInside the lungs, air is replaced more quickly so that oxygen content is kept high, and carbon dioxide does not build up Diffusion is occuring at its maximum rate because it keeps the concentration gradients high for both these gases in the alveoli.Diffusion is occuring at its maximum rate because it keeps the concentration gradients high for both these gases in the alveoli.

18. Response to exercise When you exercise, you breathe harder and fasterWhen you exercise, you breathe harder and faster Sympathetic nerves stimulate the respiratory muscles to make you breathe fasterSympathetic nerves stimulate the respiratory muscles to make you breathe faster Byproducts from muscles, like carbon dioxide and lactic acid, signal the respiratory centers in your brain, which, in turn, stimulate the respiratory muscles, telling them to work harderByproducts from muscles, like carbon dioxide and lactic acid, signal the respiratory centers in your brain, which, in turn, stimulate the respiratory muscles, telling them to work harder Slightly higher blood pressure, caused by the increased force of each heartbeat, opens blood flow to more air sacs in the lungs, allowing more oxygen to enter the bloodSlightly higher blood pressure, caused by the increased force of each heartbeat, opens blood flow to more air sacs in the lungs, allowing more oxygen to enter the blood

19. Vigorous exercise If the rate of exercise is increased due to greater muscular activity, a point is reached at which not enough oxygen is supplied to meet the requirements of the muscle cells for aerobic respirationIf the rate of exercise is increased due to greater muscular activity, a point is reached at which not enough oxygen is supplied to meet the requirements of the muscle cells for aerobic respiration

20. Limiting factors Limiting factors of sustained aerobic exerciseLimiting factors of sustained aerobic exercise HeartrateHeartrate Heart can only increase blood flow by a certain amountHeart can only increase blood flow by a certain amount Hemoglobin in red blood cellsHemoglobin in red blood cells Can only absorb so much oxygen/carbon dioxideCan only absorb so much oxygen/carbon dioxide Concentration of red blood cellsConcentration of red blood cells Limited by the number of red blood cells in bodyLimited by the number of red blood cells in body Blood doping – artifically boosting number of red blood cellsBlood doping – artifically boosting number of red blood cells

21. Lactic acid buildup The body prefers to generate most of its energy aerobicallyThe body prefers to generate most of its energy aerobically Some circumstances require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver oxygenSome circumstances require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver oxygen When the body needs energy rapidly without adequate oxygen, it uses anaerobic respirationWhen the body needs energy rapidly without adequate oxygen, it uses anaerobic respiration A byproduct of anaerobic respiration is lactateA byproduct of anaerobic respiration is lactate Side effects of increased lactate is an increased acidity of muscle cellsSide effects of increased lactate is an increased acidity of muscle cells The increased acidity leads to muscle crampsThe increased acidity leads to muscle cramps

22. Oxygen debt After strenuous exercise has ended, the body responds by continuing to breathe deeply, even though the muscles no longer need the extra energy they did a few seconds before.After strenuous exercise has ended, the body responds by continuing to breathe deeply, even though the muscles no longer need the extra energy they did a few seconds before. This is because the body has built up an oxygen debt.This is because the body has built up an oxygen debt. This must be repaid by the intake of oxygen to re- saturate the blood's hemoglobin, and restore a chain of oxidation reactions which replace the ATP used by the muscle for contraction.This must be repaid by the intake of oxygen to re- saturate the blood's hemoglobin, and restore a chain of oxidation reactions which replace the ATP used by the muscle for contraction.