1. Absolutism Ch. 15, Part 2

2. Challenges in 17 th Century 17th Century an age of intense conflict and crisis Many causes.  constant warfare  Mini ice-age that reduced harvests and led to periodic economic downturn for peasants.  social unrest and widespread peasant revolts. Challenge to European governments.  How to maintain order and give the nation sufficient power to compete internationally?

3. Absolutism vs. Constitutionalism European rulers tried to attain absolute power and build absolutist states.  How do monarchs consolidate their power?  Who are their rivals?  Who are their allies? Absolutism: Define. Opponents of absolutism argued for Constitutionalism. Basic idea? Results of conflict for political thought?

4. The Practice of Absolutism: France Under Louis XIV The Reign of Louis XIV (1643- 1715) most complete fulfillment of the idea of absolute monarchy in 17th Century Europe. In what sense is Paris the capital of the world? What methods does Louis use to spread his soft power? Reigned for 72 years (55 in his own right)

5. Road to Louis XIV Louis XIV’s consolidation of absolute power was a process that started with his grandfather, Henry IV Henry’s policies? Henry is assassinated in 1610 leaving his young son, Louis XIII as king.

6. Cardinal Richelieu Until Louis XIII comes of age his mother acts as Queen Regent. 1624: Appoints Cardinal Richelieu to the council of ministers.  Rises to the position of first minister. How does Richelieu strengthen the power of the monarch? What are his goals?

7. Richelieu’s Policies Policy toward Huguenots? Moved slowly to reduce the power of the French nobility.  Large network of spies. Purpose?  Installed royal commissioners in each district. Purpose?  Richelieu’s foreign policy?  Impact on Thirty Years’ War?

8. Era of Three Musketeers

9. The Fronde Jules Mazarin succeeds Richelieu, and governed for Louis XIV when he took the throne at age 4 in 1643. 1648 widespread rebellion of the nobles called the Fronde. Causes?  12-year battle  Turmoil wracked Paris and many parts of the country.  What lesson did Louis XIV learn from the Fronde?

10. Louis XIV Takes Power Mazarin dies in 1661 and Louis XIV took control at age 23. Louis used a number of policies to increase royal power and decrease nobles’ power.  How does he deal with the Estates- General?  How does Versailles figure into this? Three functions?  What changes does he make in the bureaucracy?  Who does he use for his advisors and why?

11. Louis Consolidates Power Successful at gaining control over foreign policy, war-making, religion and taxes. Less successful in gaining complete power over internal domestic policy and governance.  Why? 1685 Louis revokes the Edict of Nantes. Why?  Closes schools, destroys churches.  Reaction of the Hugenots?

12. France at War Louis was almost constantly at war. Waged four wars between 1667-1713.  War of Devolution  The Dutch War  The Nine Years’ War  War of the Spanish Succession As France is now the most powerful country in Europe, what will the reaction of other countries likely be? France had a standing army of 100,000 that expanded to 400,000 in times of war.

13. War of Spanish Succession Most significant of these wars was the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)  Charles II of Spain died in 1700 and left the Spanish Empire to Phillip of Anjou, Louis XIV’s grandson.  England, Prussia, Dutch, Austria join in the Grand Alliance against France to prevent this. Why?

14. Treaty of Utrecht Louis is forced to sue for peace. Treaty of Utrecht.  France loses: Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and area around Hudson Bay to English.  Spain loses: Belgium and Italy to Austria, and the slave trade to England.  Louis agrees that Spanish and French crown will never be united. Completes the decline of Spain as a major power in Europe. Expands the British Empire. End of French Expansionist policy.

15. Mercantilism Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Louis’ chief financial minister (no relation to Stephen) Mercantilist economic theory dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th Century. Basic principles?

16. Elements of Mercantilism What is wealth? Is economics a zero-sum game? How should the government generate a positive balance of trade?  French methods? What will mercantilism say about monopolies? Infrastructure? Subsidies? What will a mercantilist country do about imports? How can colonies be used to support mercantilism? Problems with mercantilism?

17. Mercantilism in France Mercantilism says that the state should play an active role in managing and directing at least a part of the economy. Commercial classes prospered But, the heart of French economy (agriculture) continued to struggle  Why is this the heart of the economy?  Why is revoking the Edict of Nantes a bad economic move?

18. Prussia Modern northeastern Germany and northwestern Poland 1648 Germany was fragmented with virtually no central government.  Review: Who wields political power? Hohenzollern dynasty: Controlled three disconnected states including Brandenburg and Prussia. How does Friedrich Wilhelm meet the challenges of Prussia’s geography?  How does he finance it?

19. Expansion of Prussia

20. King Friederich (Frederick) 1701: Friedrich the Great Elector’s son assumed royal power as King Friederich I. Prussia was a harsh state; peasants heavily taxed and very poor.  Nobles totally dominated government and military positions. Society was rigid, highly militaristic and highly disciplined  “Sparta of the North”

21. Austria The Holy Roman Empire is dead, but the Austrian Hapsburgs are not. Where do the Austrian Hapsburgs begin to look for territory? Germanic Austrian states (Austria, Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia) are the heart of Hapsburg empire. Why is this a good idea?

22. Austria-Hungary

23. Division in Austrian Empire Empire never became highly centralized. While Hapsburgs were rulers in all possessions, states retained a great deal of autonomy Essentially remained three separate and distinct territories  Austria  Kingdom of Bohemia  Kingdom of Hungary Why? Hungarian nobility effectively thwarted the full development of Hapsburg absolutism.  Religion and nationalism.  Revolt during War of Spanish Succession. Consequences?

24. Development of Russia The Russian state that emerged starting in the 15th Century had a much different history and tradition than the rest of Europe. Why?  Did not have a Roman Catholic tradition  Had to deal much more directly with the Mongols  Much less touched by the Renaissance  Did not experience the turmoil of the Reformation. Reasons Russia not part of the European community before the 18th Century and considered a backwater by those in Europe who were even aware of it.

25. Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; 1533- 1584) continues to crush boyars. Defeated the remnants of Mongol power and declared himself “Tsar” ( Царь) Added eastern territories to Russia How does the Russian approach to serfs and cities differ from that of Western Europe? Results?

26. Rise of the Romanovs After Fyodor’s death in 1598 was a period of chaos (Time of Troubles) Why? Results of royal chaos? Who takes power effectively? 1613: Russian assembly of nobles (boyars) realized that the chaos was putting them all at risk (from whom? Boyars appoint Mikhail Romanov as Tsar, and the Romanov family rules Russia until 1917 when the Communists take over.

27. Peter the Great Peter the Great takes the throne in 1682 and transforms Russia. Was coarse, violent and prone to meting out harsh penalties. He is determined to westernize Russia. Why?  What is Peter’s first priority for modernization? Why does he feel a navy is so important?  How did he try to modernize manufacturing and production?  What does Russia need if it is going to match the West by adopting mercantilism? What does Peter do instead?

28. Peter’s Policies How did Peter raise his army?  Effect on tax base? How did he restructure the government? Serfs were arbitrarily forced to work in mines and factories. Nobles:  Required to serve in the government or the military.  Required all nobles to take 5 years of education

29. Window on the West Peter captures Estonia and Latvia from the Swedes  Port on the Baltic.  Builds St. Petersburg. Remains the Russian capital until 1917. How does Peter use the power of the church? Why is Peter insistent on his social policies?  Coat cutting  Beard tax What are some results of Peter’s policies?

31. England The Emergence Of Constitutional Monarchy England is the most prominent example of resistance to absolute monarchy and the development of Constitutional Monarchy When Elizabeth I died in 1603 the crown fell to her cousin, James VI, who was King of Scotland King James I of England. Stuart line.

32. James Annoys Everyone James was a strong believer in divine right monarchy Was not well versed in the political traditions or institutions of England.  What were some of these traditions? James I spent a lot of money on luxuries and partying.  Cracking down on the Puritans  Puritans were strong in parliament. Many thought James was secretly a Catholic

33. Charles I Charles I becomes king after James dies in 1625, Also believed in divine right monarchy and was just as conservative on religious issues. Charles I was forced by parliament to accept the Petition of Right passed by Parliament in 1628  What did it say? Charles antagonized Puritans. How? Charles refuses to call parliament into session for 12 years.

34. English Civil War Charles tried to impose Anglican prayer book and Anglican organization on the Calvinist Scots. Scots revolted. Charles needed to put down the revolt, but needed the consent of parliament to raise the taxes to support an army. Calls Parliament into session in 1640. Long Parliament. Refused to disband unless Charles makes concessions. Parliament passed a number of acts to limit King’s power.

35. English Civil War When parliament refused to give Charles his army, what did he do? Parliament rose in opposition, raising a militia from its supporters English Civil War. 1642-49.  Cavaliers v. Roundheads

36. Interregnum and Commonwealth 1649 Charles and his Cavaliers are defeated by Puritan forces led by Oliver Cromwell Beginning of period known as the Interregnum.  Charles beheaded  Monarchy and House of Lords abolished  England ruled by Parliament.  Problem with Parliamentary rule? Cromwell’s solution?

37. Cromwell and the Republic Cromwell: Member of the Long Parliament.  Define: Gentry 1649 he crushed Irish rebellion. He instituted Puritan social policies in England  Such as? 1658: Death of Cromwell; majority in England are ready to end the Puritan experiment Charles II, son of the slain Charles I is invited by Parliament in 1660 to return England to monarchy.

38. Restoration The restoration of Charles II did not immediately solve the problems that had caused the revolution.  Still had to work out state attitude toward religion and role of Monarch. Declaration of Indulgence. What is it? How does Parliament respond?  Charles II has Catholic leanings and his brother, James, makes no secret of the fact that he is Catholic. Parliament responds in 1673 with the Test Act. What does it say?

39. James II 1685 Charles II dies without an heir and the crown passes to brother, James II,  He is Catholic. Parliament is strongly Protestant. James II re-passes Declaration of Indulgence  Suspended all laws excluding Catholics and Puritans from office.  Parliament hates it, but stops short of rebellion. Why? Why does James’ second marriage and birth of a son change things?

40. Glorious Revolution James II’s protestant Daughter is married to William of Orange. 1688: English nobleman invited them to invade England and take the throne.  They raise an army and do just that.  “Glorious Revolution”

41. Bill of Rights 1689 Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary as joint monarchs on the condition that they accept the Bill of Rights. Terms of Bill of Rights  affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes  standing armies could be raised only with the consent of parliament  citizens have right to petition government, keep arms, have a jury trial and not be subject to excessive bail.

42. (Political) SCIENCE! Thomas Hobbes  Lived during (and alarmed by) the English Civil Wars.  Wrote The Leviathan.  What is the human condition in the state of nature?  What did people do as a result?  Why does Hobbes favor a strong government?  Does Hobbes believe that people can take back the power given to the government?

43. John Locke Whereas Hobbes is king-centered, Locke is people-centered.  How does he view the state of nature?  What rights and obligations do people have in the state of nature?  What problem exists in the state of nature?  Why do people form governments? Which ‘people?’  What is the purpose of government?  What can the people do if the government does not uphold its purpose?

44. Timeline Review 1533: Accession of Ivan IV (Russia) 1584: Death of Ivan IV 1598: Accession of Boris Godunov. Time of Troubles 1603: Death of Elizabeth I; Accession of James I Stuart (England) 1610: Assassination of Henri IV (France) by Catholic fanatic; Accession of Louis XIII 1613: Accession of Mikhail I Romanov (Russia) 1624: Regency of Cardinal Richelieu; Huguenots disenfranchised 1625: Death of James I; Accession of Charles I (England) 1628: Petition of Right Passed (England) 1642: Regency of Cardinal Jules Mazarin (France); English Civil War begins 1643: Accession of Louis XIV

45. Timeline, Cont’d 1648: French victory in 30 Years’ War over Holy Roman Empire; Fronde Rebellion 1649: Roundhead Victory in English Civil War; Charles I Executed; Interregnum 1660: End of Fronde Rebellion (France); Restoration of Charles II (England) 1661: Death of Cardinal Mazarin; Louis XIV attains majority 1682: Accession of Peter the Great (Russia) 1685: Edict of Nantes revoked; Huguenots destroyed (France); Death of Charles II; Accession of James II (England) 1688: Glorious Revolution (England); James II deposed, Accession of William and Mary 1689: Bill of Rights passed (England). 1701: War of Spanish Succession begins; Accession of Friedrich I of Prussia 1713: France and Spain lose War of Spanish Succession to England, Prussia, and Austria 1715: Death of Louis XIV, Accession of Louis XV