1. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Martine LUMBRERAS martine.lumbreras@yahoo.fr Emeritus professor of Physics at University of Lorraine, France Member of the board (2x6years) of the French Association Femmes & Sciences (Women and Science) www.femmesetsciences.fr Alternate of Claudine Hermann Vice-president of the European Platform of Women Scientists www.epws.org 2d PACMAN workshop 14/6 /2016

2. My Research and responsabilities French German Institute of Engineers: Electrical Engineering leader Sensors Group (2000) leader Electronic Nose for detection of environmental pollutant gases 12 PGD, 1 habilitation, 49 international papers, 55 international conferences, 1 ADEME Award

3. Biological Nose Odor  Nasal Cavity  Mucus  olfactive cilia  olfactive neurons  Bulb olfactif  Brain Electronic Nose Odor  Sampling  Gas sensors  Pre-treatment  learning  Identification 3 From biological nose to electronic nose

4. R134a (conditioning systems) in air  100% Quantification !!!!!! Dry Air 1%RH Air  Detection of unknown samples AFD  4

5. Women scientists of the past Women place in Science: common facts and statistics with a few national examples (BE,FR, HU, PT) The European Union and women scientists (Associations) The European Platform of Women Scientists - EPWS

6. Women scientists in the past Physics or Chemistry Nobel Awardees : 1903 and 1911: Marie Curie, France 1935: Irène Joliot-Curie, France 1963: Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Germany 1964: Dorothy Crawford-Hodgkin (UK) 2009: Ada Yonath, Israel ► 48W / 870M !!!

7. Women scientists in the past Fields Medal (Mathematics): 2014: Maryam Mirzakani (USA) Pritzker Award (Architecture): 20O4: Zaha Hadid (UK) Fields Millenium Technology (Engineering):0! Turing Award (informatics) : 2011: Judea Pearl (USA)

8. Marie SKLODOWSKA-CURIE (1867-1934) Nobel prizes in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911) And her husband Pierre CURIE (1859-1906) First woman professor at the Sorbonne

9. Irène JOLIOT-CURIE (1897-1956) Nobel prize in Physics 1935 And her husband Frédéric JOLIOT (1900-1958) Discovery of artificial radioactivity Irène: Under-Secretary for Research of « Front Populaire » in 1936

10. Maria GOEPPERT-MAYER (1906-1972), Nobel prize in Physics 1963 Germany and United States Imagined the shell model of nuclei

11. Ada YONATH (1939- ), Nobel prize in Chemistry 2009, Israel Identification of the molecular structure of ribosome by cristallography

12. Women scientists in the past (Minimization of the role of women) Forgotten by Nobel committees: Lise Meitner (Austria, Germany, Sweden) Rosalind Franklin (United Kingdom) Clara Haber (Germany) 1st Dr Chemistry Jocelyn Bell (USA) To be remembered Branca Edmee Marques (Portugal)

13. Discovered the nuclear fission process with Otto Hahn (Nobel prize in Chemistry 1944) and Fritz Strassmann. Gave the name « fission » to the phenomenon and provided its physical explanation together with Otto Robert Frisch, her nephew. Discovered element 91, Proactinium, with Otto Hahn. Was proposed several times for the Nobel prize… Lise MEITNER (1878-1968)

14. Rosalind FRANKLIN (1920-1958) Responsible of a large part of the research work that lead to the understanding of the desoxyribonucleic (DNA) acid structure. James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel prize for the double-helix model of DNA in 1962, 4 years after her death.

15. Branca Edmee MARQUES (1899-1986) Studied Chemistry at Lisbon university. Did her PhD under Marie Curie's supervision in Paris. Started up Lisbon Laboratory of Radiochemistry, then Lisbon Department of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. In 1966 her contributions were finally recognized with a full professorship at the University of Lisbon.

16. Women scientists in the past Before the 20 th century, a few portraits : Anne-Marie Paulze - Lavoisier, France Emilie du Châtelet, France Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italy Maria Sibylle Merian, the Netherlands…

17. Marie Anne Pierrette PAULZE- LAVOISIER (1758- 1836) Antoine Laurent LAVOISIER (1743-1794)

18. Print from the book « Lavoisier 1743-1794 » by Edouard Grimaux, 1888, Alcan From a drawing by Madame Lavoisier

19. Gabrielle-Emilie LE TONNELIER DE BRETEUIL, marquise DU CHÂTELET (1706-1749), France popularized Leibniz’s theories through her book Institutions de physique. Her great work was the translation into French, with comments, of Newton’s Principiae. She was a member of the Bologna academy of sciences. She was Voltaire’s lover.

20. Maria Gaetana AGNESI (1718-1799) Propositiones Philosophicae (1738): logic, mechanics, hydraulics, universal attraction, chemistry and zoology. Instituzioni Analitiche (1748) : synthesis of the most advanced mathematics of her time. Professor of mathematics at Bologna university.

21. Maria Sibylle MERIAN (Francfort 1647-Amsterdam 1717) Naturalist, author of Metamorphosis Insectarum Surinamensium (Amsterdam, 1705) and other works gathered after her death, in Histoire générale des insectes de Surinam et de toute l'Europe (3 vols., Paris, 1771).

22. Current research: common facts among countries Model of excellence in research inspired by that of USA (Lecturers-) researchers evaluated on their research activity. What about the other tasks (teaching, administration, science dissemination…) ? Similar national problems for women scientists’ hiring or promotion (« biological clock», « leaking pipeline », « glass ceiling »..) Imbalance between women and men in research decision positions.

24. The European Union and women scientists European structures Directorate General Research of the European Commission European Platform of Women Scientists - EPWS

25. European Council of the 28 heads of state or of government European Commission 20 commissioners appointed for 5 years European Parliament 626 Members (MEPs) elected for 5 years Council of the European Union the 28 relevant ministers DG Education, DG Research… European structures

26. European Council of the 28 heads of state or of government European Commission 20 commissioners appointed for 5 years European Parliament 626 Members (MEPs) elected for 5 years Council of the European Union the 28 relevant ministers DG Education, DG Research… European structures

27. The European Union and women scientists Egality between women and men: one of the main « pilars » according to Amsterdam Treaty (1997) Need of scientific workforce : Lisbon and Barcelona objectives for 2010 Europe 2020 : competitivity based on Research and Innovation => Declarations and activities on Women and Science

28. The Women and Science issue at DG Research A devoted unit : « Women and Science » (1998-2006), « Scientific Culture and Gender Issues» (2006-2010) « Ethics and Gender » (2011- ), Gender sector inside B6 Unit A group of national civil servants : the Helsinki Group (lobbying at institutional level) Activities: *Statistics *Reports on « Women and Science » (public and private) *EU projects calls and « Gender Watch System » *European Platform of Women Scientists - EPWS (lobbying at associations and networks levels)

29. EU reports on Women and Science ETAN on women in academia in Western Europe, 2000 Women in industrial research (WIR), 2003 Gender and Excellence in the Making, 2004 ENlarge Women In Science to East (Central Europe and the Baltic Republics) (ENWISE), 2004 Women in Science and Technology (WIST), 2006, 2009 Women in research decision-making (WIRDEM), 2007- 2008 Gender challenge in research financing, 2009… Structural change in research institutions : enhancing excellence, gender equality and efficiency in research and innovation, 2012…

30. Some European data (all disciplines) « Hit parade » of women professors (ETAN report 2000) « Scissors diagramme » (2000 to 2013) Gender-disaggregated percentage of academic staff (She Figures 2015)

31. Proportion of women and men in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, EU-28, 2007-2013

32. Proportions of women and men in a typical academic career in science and engineering staff, EU-28, 2007-2013 % men > 50% women

33. Science, Mathematics and Computing Life Science Physical Science Mathematics and Statistics Computing 2004 2012 EU-285258333731351621 BE30573431373259 FR5056313424 1819 HU344933374033116 PT6873404558631230 Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Engineering and Engineering Trades Manufacturing and Processing Architecture and Building 2004 2012 EU-28192528363539 BE1530255037 FR272663553237 HU 1540383318 PT354137593635 Evolution of the proportion of women PhD Graduates by narrow fields of studies (%)

34. ABCDTotal EU-2820,937,145,146,940,6 HU24,139,839,643,738,7 FR19,339,630,241,334,3 BE15,630,135,848,341,3 PT2539,547,353,349,2 Proportion of women academic staff by grade and total, 2013 « Leaking Pipeline »

35. Proportion of Grade A position women by fields Natural Science Enginee- ring and Technology Medical Science Agricul- tural Science Social Science Humani- ties EU-2815,89,823,329,723,530 HU FR BE15,39,317,313,619,115,6 PT28,79,919,828,624,934,1

36. Representation of women on the boards of the largest listed companies, October 2015

37. Gender Pay Gap in the EU

38. ► Whilst women were once under ‑ represented at doctoral level, ● in 2012 they made up 47 % of PhD graduates in the EU (EU-28), ● between 40 % and 60 % of PhD graduates in all countries covered by the She Figures ► Differences by sex when it comes to the most popular subjects and educational pathways: ● Men “x2” compared to women to choose engineering, manufacturing and construction, ● whereas women are twice to pursue an education degree ● In 2012, women accounted for just 28 % of PhD graduates in engineering, manufacturing and construction, and only 21 % of those graduating from computing CONCLUSION 1

39. ► The under ‑ representation of women continues to characterise participation in science & technology (S&T) occupations: women are under ‑ represented relative to men, in more than 50% countries less than 45 % of scientists and engineers ► At the level of the EU-28, ● women scientists and engineers made up 2.8 % of the total labour force in 2013, ● men made up 4.1 % Some progress in this area – the number of women amongst employed scientists and engineers grew by an average of 11.1 % per year between 2008 and 2011 (faster rate than men, 3.3 % over the same period). CONCLUSION 2

40. ► Amongst researchers specifically, the representation of women and men also remains uneven ● In the range 2009-2011, women in the EU remain accounted for only 33 % of researchers (EU-28) ● In only 8 out of 28 EU Member States women account for more than 40 % of researchers ● Women in the EU have a stronger presence amongst researchers in the higher education and government sectors. ● In the business enterprise sector, they make up close to one in five researchers (2011) CONCLUSION 3

41. What actions ? *equality of treatment *positive discrimination *gender mainstreaming

42. Fair selection ? ETAN Report 2000

43. Chemistry The magic of everyday life

44. « Women and/in Science » at DG Research (1999-2016) Successive policies Sensitise science community to women issues Change women Change institutions (« Structural Changes ») Currently 3 objectives Women participation Women/men balance in decision positions Gender dimension in research

45. Governmental, Private and european actions European Actions: ► Informatics: WonENcourage 2026: 3 rd ACM-W Europe Celebration of Women in Computing Linz, Austria, Sept 12-13 2016 ► HYPATIA: activities for children (8-13) in enterprises, musea, Research Centers… ► Private Actions ► First MINERVA Informatics Equality Awards (Sponsored by Google) ► Photothèque CNRS (France) ► Mentoring for girls and young women (Siemens, Interelles, ) ► Mathematics: gaming rooms challenges in each countries then also an European challenge ► PSA SA: head position women challenge to 12% in 2015 (4% in 2003) WOMEN AND VEHICLES IN EUROP

46. FRANCE Women in research 33 % of women in public research Slow progress in universities, stability at CNRS Structures in favour of women scientists *Missions for parity : ministry of Research and CNRS *Committee for professional equality in Higher Education and Research *EU funding… Gender studies *Institut Emilie du Châtelet (Paris region, 2006) *recognition later than in other countries 2013 law on Higher Education and Research * Equality officers in universities *Balanced women/men representation in committees Examples of Several european countries 1

47. France: 3 Associations: Femmes & Sciences, femmes et mathematiques, Femmes Ingénieurs www.femmesetsciences.fr; www.femmes-et-maths.fr; www. femmes-ingenieurs.org ● encouraging women to Science studies ● supporting women in their careers ● cooperating with groups and organizations with similar goals ● giving prominence and visibility to women scientists ● spreading their vision of science ● Advices for governmental or private institutions Examples of Several european countries 2

48. France: 3 Associations: Femmes & Sciences, femmes et mathematiques, Femmes Ingénieurs Actions: ● -educational meetings with primary or secondary teachers, or with school young people, ● advices for governmental or private institutions, ● specific studies on gender or equality, ● organisation of specific conferences, « Round tables » participation of members ● view exchanges with other european associations presenting same aims ● surveillance on texts and pictures diffus Examples of Several european countries 3

49. GERMANY Structures/measures for women scientists 29% women in public research actions since the 1990's women in the universities recruitment committees Centre for Excellence Women in Science www.cews.org (support for women scientists) 5. Equality label In 10 years, 100 laureates, from the public or private sector Examples of Several european countries 4

50. PORTUGAL 43% women in academia But they are not satisfied of their career Examples of Several european countries

52. A Belgian non-profit international association (AISBL) Members: networks (+ individuals), from public and private sectors, all disciplines, over Europe Mission and Goals

53. The European Platform of Women Scientists Main Goals

54. Main Areas of activity

55. Now an ordinary association operating on its members voluntary work with a website, a Newsletter, position papers…, a yearly General Assembly + Conference Brussels 2010, 2012 ; Budapest 2011; Essen 2013; Paris 2014 participation to EU events - 1 st, 2nd European Innovation Summit; - Girls, Expand your Horizons, Geneva; - SAPGERIC Conference (Vilnius 11/2013); RRI (Rome 19-21/11/2014) - events linked to EU projects

56. Research-policy activities Lunch debate at the European parliament, Brussels, 30/1/2012

57. Gender dimension in Science and Research

58. Final Conclusion Variety of national situations in spite of many common points Inspiring foreign « Good practices » Essential impetus of the European Union Political and associative approaches are mutually complementary Specific efforts must be done in several « Engineering » fields!

59. % of women/men graduates CountryWomenMen EU-281836 Finland 2452 Hungary 24,139,8 Portugal2237 Norway2137 Sweden2048 Italy2034 France1940 Spain1738 United Kingdom1737 Greece1737 Austria1722 Denmark1529 Germany1521 Netherlands1321 Belgium1125 From She Figures 2012 Women number approx. = 50% Men number

60. % women teaching in universities (2013) Country Grade A (Professor) Grade B (Assistant Professor) EU-281836 Finland 2452 Hungary 24,139,8 Portugal2237 Norway2137 Sweden2048 Italy2034 France1940 Spain1738 United Kingdom1737 Greece1737 Austria1722 Denmark1529 Germany1521 Netherlands1321 Belgium1125 From She Figures 2012

61. Women scientists’ situation: national examples France Germany Portugal

62. France 1. Situation of French women notable fertility rate daycare systems for young children law on parity in politics … but quotas are unpopular (universalism) 2. Higher education « Grandes écoles » and universities 3. Structure of research Public research (civil servants hired in their early thirties) and R&D in the private sector

63. France 4. Women in research 33 % of women in public research

64. France: Higher Education Assistant professorsProfessors All disciplines 44%23% Art56%36% Law48%26% Science33%17% Percentage of women (2014)

65. Women at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (2014) 34% of the researchers are women 45% of the engineers, 64% of the technical and administrative staff are women Extremely low increase of the percentage of women among the researchers

66. Percentages of women among the university professors (PR) and assistant professors (MCF) in Health and Science in France between 1980 and 2014

67. Germany 1.Burden of History: Bismarck and the 3K« Kinder, Küche, Kirche » (children, kitchen, church) 3 rd Reich 2. Science operation: Slow higher education studies until Doktorarbeit Compulsory geographical mobility until Habilitation

68. Germany 3. Women situation Previous situations in the Western (FRG) and Eastern (DRG) parts Lack of child care, school only in the morning =>Dilemma between family and career More recent issues « Rabensmutter » (crow mother) + low women fertility rate =>Angela Merkel: modified parental leave, additional creches « Gebärmaschinen » (mères pondeuses) !

69. Germany -Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the structure financing research in higher education and public institutions : *In 2008 declaration of its members committing themselves on « The DFG’s research-oriented standards on gender equality », with both structural and personal aspects. *In 2014 : « Tool box » with examples of good practises for gender equality -German universities : Professorinnenprogramm, financed by the Federal ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), for hiring new women professors. *2008-2012 : 150M€, 260 new women professors hired *Programme renewed for 2012-2017 with the same financing * To apply such a programme the university must evidence a successful concept of gender equality

70. Actions vers les jeunes (avec femmes et mathématiques et Femmes Ingénieurs): Interventions en établissements scolaires Tenue de stands (Fête de la Science, 8 mars) Création d’outils pédagogiques - quiz DVD « Tu t’es vu dans la rue » - site www.elles-en-sciences.org - diaporama sur les métiers scientifiques

72. CONCLUSION OSEZ ces métiers, Filles et garçons, les sciences et les technologies vous attendent ! Ayez de l’ambition dans votre choix d’études! ils sont à votre portée !

73. Site www.elles-en- sciences.org Avec le soutien de la Mission parité du ministère de la recherche

74. "Les femmes et les sciences... au delà des idées reçues" (Femmes et Sciences, en partenariat avec femmes et mathématiques et Femmes Ingénieurs) livret : outil pour enseignant-e-s afin de lutter de manière efficace contre les idées reçues sur les études et l’orientation des filles et des garçons. utile aussi aux conseillères et conseillers d'orientation, aux parents, et aux partenaires des entreprises attentifs à défendre les valeurs d'égalité des chances entre les sexes. Téléchargeable depuis http://www.int-evry.fr/femmes_et_sciences/accueil/index-2.htm diaporama permettant aux membres de nos associations d'exposer les idées principales de ce livret.