1. University of Palestine College of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Architecture Department Landscape. Lecturer 04 Dr. Eng. Sulaiman. R. S. Wafi 4 th lecture -4 th week Arranging & Designing a Site: Landscape Works

2. Design Factors When designing an form of landscape, its purpose should be outlined (to soften or enhance buildings, as an outdoor living space for leisure, visual impact of open space or enjoyment). Detail design should consider the followings: 1. Orientation An important bearing on the amount of sun received during different seasons or times of day (1,2). Any adverse wind effects: this dictates the plant type & the need for sheltering (3).

3. Design Factors 2. Ground contours not only have an impact on the degree of solar radiation & exposure but also on the stability of planting & irrigation pattern (4). The elevation effects sight-lines & visual impacts.

4. Design Factors 3. Access & Circulation To & within landscaped area that must be considered in relation to adjacent buildings, entrances, paths & roods (5).

5. General Character of Landscaping Enclosure السياج Used for demarcation, privacy, security, level changes & acoustic barriers, including the design of a fence and the material used in its construction. Walls my be of brick/stone or whole block & should blend with the materials used to construct adjacent buildings (6). Wooden slatted, panelled or railed fencing (7, 8) is commonly used in housing, while metal mesh fencing (9) is favoured in commercial development.

6. General Character of Landscaping

7. 3. Railings السور, usually of metal, are often used in public spaces (10). 4. Hedges تحويطات : clipped foliage قص أوراق الأشجار (formal) or flowering (11). 5. Acoustic barriers: made of wood & derivatives should be considered to separating busy transport links from residential area (12).

8. General Character of Landscaping: Overall conclusion Boundary fence or wall should face outwards with posts visible from within the site. On sloping ground, fencing should follow contours. Fences to guard against animals should be extended 100-200 mm below ground, especially where hedges are planted. Allow sufficient space for the ultimate width of hedges when established. Most timbers used for fencing require protective treatment (e.g. pressure impregnation). Concrete plinths, bases & metal shoes help maintaining most timber fences Retaining walls at level changes using concrete, stone or brick require specialist design (13).

9. Soil Preparation Topsoil أرض زراعية : essential for the healthy growth of plants to be separated from subsoil & retained for use whenever possible. Recommended depths of topsoil vary(14). Soil compaction التربة الضغط : soil to fill for hard landscaped area should be spread in layers 300-400mm deep & well compacted (15). Banks كومة : to prevent soil movement, fill along slopes should be placed in layers. From cuts in existing ground surface to create serrated profile to retain fill material (16). On higher banks, ground profile should be stepped to prevent sliding of fill material.

10. Soil Preparation: Angle of Slope Angle of slope should be considered to the maintenance operation. Provide drainage at both the top & bottom of a bank so that soil only receives moistures falling on its surface. Maximum gradients are: mowing grassقص العشب (1:3), planting (1:2) or 1:1 where no maintenance required. Precautions الإحتياطات are needed to be taken when laying turf to banks (17) to protect Earth & provide for plants stabilisation using biodegradable matting systems (17). Apart from retaining walls, crib structures can be used incorporating planting دمج النباتات (18).

11. Paths & Steps Width of paths are (see 20): minimum for access 300-600 mm; single-file between hedges & shrubs 700mm; 2 persons passing 1.2-1.8 m allowing extra space for pramsعربات الأطفال. Selection of materials is subject to appearance, cost & performance required; base dependent on usage (21 & 22).

12. Paths & Steps Ramps سلالم : maximum gradient of 1:12 for negotiation by wheelchairs; minimum width is 1.2m. If stepped, maximum step height is 125mm (23). Krebs: Krebs & edge trim construction depends on the adjoining surface (24). Steps: tread depth is not less than 300 mm; risers 90-150mm high (25). Detail of the finish to the end of steps is important, especially where set in a grass bank.

13. Planting A topsoil depth of 150mm is needed for grass areas & seeds beds; 300mm for shrub beds (26); 500 mm for; & 600 – 1000 mm for tree climbers planting. Tree pits شجر حفر are formed with a maximum of 750 mm diameter & 350 deep, & filled with subsoil, compost & topsoil. Stacking التراص may be required for young trees.

14. Water Supply & Features Pools: constructed in a variety of ways depending site conditions & economics. 1. The shape can be formal or natural, with prefabricated pools made of glass fibre or plastic. 2. Built-in pools using reinforcing concrete of 125-150mm thick that cast in wooden forms or shaped excavations. 3. Pool edges need to be concealed مخفيه : paving flags or coping stones are more suitable for formal shape pools, & grass, marsh plants or rocks for informal layouts in line with final effect desired.

15. Water Supply Features 4. Pools must be sited for a maximum sun & high enough to ensure that ground water does enter during rain season, in addition to being near the water supply if it is not automatic. 5. Depth of the water should be no less than 300mm so that aquatic plants may be planted in open –sided containers for ease of removal. 6. To prevent build-up of algae, incorporate a recirculation pump system & provide an overflow pipes & filters, removable for drainage & cleaning (28, 29).

16. Water Supply Features Pool & Water Fall A variety of water fall effect & fountains can be designed using pumped systems(31).

17. Examples

18. Examples: paths & steps

19. Example: path/fence

20. Water Features: Pool & water fall

22. Thanks