1. Texas in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920

2. Urban Changes 1890s Urban growth is extraordinary 1860:5 US cities of 100,000 1890:38 US cities (2010: 252 US cities) 1920: Only 4 TX cities of 100,000

3. Progressivism Rational use of government powers to solve social problems. Social uplift/social control. Role of “experts”. Space for “woman’s maternal role”. Rises from municipal to state and national and then international levels.

4. 1900 Tremendous social stratification and inequality. – Andrew Carnegie’s income was $23 million/year, Average head of household was $500/year. – 1% of Americans owned 87% of wealth – 80% of Americans were subsistence wage earners

26. 1870s and 1880s: two organizations focused on Woman’s suffrage. National WSA sought federal amendment. Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton. American WSA sought state level reforms. Led by Lucy Stone and others. NWSA and AWSA merge in 1890 Continued both campaigns at state and national level. Wyoming, territory, 1869 Utah, territory, 1870 to 1887 Wyoming, state, 1890 Colorado, state, 1893 Utah, state, 1895 Idaho, state, 1896 Washington, state, 1910 California, state, 1911 Arizona, Oregon, states, 1912 Illinois, state, 1913 Montana, state, 1914 New York, state, 1917 !!! Jeannette Rankin, 1 st Woman in Congress Elected in 1916 from Montana

28. Prohibition Amendment 18, 1919 (Repealed in 1933) Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Loophole?

30. http://www.tabc.state.tx.us/local_option_elections/

32. Texan Progressive Era Governors James Hogg, 1891-1895 Charles Culberson, 1895-1899 Joseph Sayers, 1899-1903 S. W. T. Lanham, 1903-1907 Thomas Campbell, 1907-1911 Oscar Colquitt, 1911-1915 James Ferguson, 1915-1917 William Hobby, 1917-1921 Pat Neff, 1921-1925 Miriam Ferguson, 1925-1927

33. Progressive Era U.S. Presidents Teddy Roosevelt (R) 1901-1909 William Howard Taft (R) 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson (D) 1913-1921

34. Progressive Reforms Initiative Recall Referendum City Councils and Managers Public school expansion State Universities Sanitation services National and State Park Systems