1. Constructing Your Argument Ethos, Pathos, Logos from the Author’s Standpoint Visual Presentation

2. Evaluating Sources  The internet is rife with websites that appear accurate and reliable but are actually not.  Anyone can post anything he/she wants  There is no way to monitor the accuracy of what is published on the internet.  Sources may be useful because they are current but you need to evaluate their credibility

3. How to Evaluate Internet Sources Author Inquiry  If the site has an author, question, “Who is this person? What is the author’s background?”  An anonymous posting is the first clue that you need to move to more legitimate sources of information Who is the Sponsor?  Internet addresses usually end with a suffix (.edu,.gov,.org, or.com)  Edu = University/college  Gov = government agency  Org = Nonprofit organization  Com = Commercial organization

4. How to Evaluate Continued… The Site Purpose  Information is never subjective—always consider the POV of writer/sponsor of a Website  Is there a particular bias among members of the sponsoring group?  Can you tell what the sponsors of the site advocate?  Are they hoping to sell/promote a product or influence opinion? The Site Info  Is the information recent, accurate and consistent with information you found in print sources/academic journals/regulated sites?  What information is highlighted? What information is left out?

5. Appealing to Ethos as a Writer  You are more likely to be swayed by an argument made by someone you trust.  The audience of your argument will be more disposed to agree with you if its members believe you are fair, just, knowledgeable and capable of good judgment.  Ethos may be the most important component of your argument.

6. Strategies to Evoke Ethos 1.Establish your good judgment 1.Identify an issue your readers will agree is worth addressing 2.Demonstrate that you are fair-minded and have the best interests of your reader in mind when you address the problem 2.Demonstrate your knowledge of the subject 1.Support your claims with credible evidence that shows you have read widely on, thought about, and understand the issue. 3.Show you understand the issue’s complexity 1.Demonstrate that you understand the variety of viewpoints your readers may bring—or may not be able to bring—to the issue.

7. Appealing to Pathos 1.Show that you know what your audience values 1.Imagine what assumptions/principles might appeal to your readers. What common ground can you establish between your values and theirs? So, who is your target audience? 2.Use illustrations/examples that appeal to readers’ emotions 1.What examples/illustrations appealed to your own emotions? How can you represent them to have the strongest emotional impact on readers? 3.Consider the effect of your tone on the audience 1.Avoid loaded, exaggerated, and severe language that may isolate readers. Avoid irony and sarcasm, as well as clichés.

8. Appealing to Logos 1.State the premises/foundations of your argument 1.Establish what you’ve found to be true and what you want readers to accept 2.Use credible evidence 1.Lead your readers logically from one premise to the next, ensuring that your evidence is sufficient and convincing and that your inferences (how you’ve made meaning from sources) are logical and correct 3.Demonstrate that the conclusion follows from the premises 1.Word choice: signal conclusions that follow premises through words like consequently, finally, in the end, subsequently, therefore, thus, ultimately and as a result

9. Organizing Paragraphs Logically  Each Body Paragraph Should:  Include a topic sentence that brings the main idea of the paragraph into focus  Be unified around the main idea of the topic sentence  Adequately develop the idea  It should build on what you’ve said earlier, gesture toward where you are heading and connect to the larger conversation to which you’re contributing

10. Creating Focused Paragraphs In groups, summarize the techniques suggested in the From Inquiry text for Using Topic Sentences to Focus Your Paragraphs, Creating Unity in Your Paragraphs, Using Critical Strategies to Develop your Paragraphs, and Drafting Conclusions (From Inquiry 259-272) Each group will present 2 minute summary of their techniques to the class for an RWL grade!

11. Shell http://letsgoyoutube.shell.com/tablet/?gclid=CNjo9p Hn58ECFQuEaQod1zYAxg&gclsrc=aw.ds

12. Introduction Paragraph Shell oil is tired of being the bad guy in the world energy equation. In fact they have begun a new ad campaign entitled, “Let’s Go,” in an effort to reshape their image. Why does Shell’s image need a face lift? All oil companies have developed public image problems, especially since the price of oil has skyrocketed. Specifically, Shell has had its share of challenges. The “Let’s Go” campaign distracts public focus from the oil spills in Africa, the Arctic and the Gulf, as well as the rising fuel costs that are occurring at the same time that oil companies reap record profits. Consumers might expect that Shell would try to show how conservative their company has grown in response to their PR problems. Exactly the opposite is true. Their new campaign is an attempt to use a one-world theme to convince consumers that they should overlook Shell’s onerous trade practices in order to get the oil necessary for continued first-world prosperity.

13. Argument  Serious Oil Spill Problems Uncovered in Nigeria  Drilling Rig Accidents in the Arctic  Percentage of Fuel Increases at the Pump Compared to Shell’s Company Profits  Shell Presents itself as more than an Oil Company

14. Counter Argument-  Attempt to Separate Shell from the BP Oil Spill  Shell as Energy Company, not just Petroleum Company Refutation –  Let’s Go Parodies

15. So What  Oil Company’s Conditional Concern for Environment  Profits are Primary Concern  Advertising to Bolster Public Image instead of Direct Sales

16. Homework  Complete a draft of at least 5 FULL PAGES for the argumentative paper.  Bring 2 copies for Workshop on Friday  Remember, lateness results in closed door.  Absence results in 10 pt deduction on Final Paper.  Argumentative Paper is worth 25% of your grade!