1. CHAPTER 8 HIV/AIDS, Stigma, and Disclosure: A Need for a Human Rights Perspective

2. “Living with all the infections, diarrhea, and physical pain of HIV/AIDS is overwhelming, but the emotional pain I experience when people find out I am HIV infected is almost worse than the physical pain of the disease” (personal communication, April 13, 1994, cited in Sowell & Phillips, 2010).

3. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has reached pandemic levels worldwide HIV/AIDS has been associated with fear, progressive physical deterioration, and suffering resulting in death (Feller & Lemmer, 2007). Secondary pandemic of stigma and discrimination

4. Consequences of HIV/AIDS Stigma Physical Psychological

5. Reluctance to test or disclose hampers diagnosis and treatment harms efforts to prevent spread

6. Stigma deviant flawed spoiled generally undesirable rooted in fear can validate avoidance, discrimination, and economic and social violence toward the stigmatized

7. HIV/AIDS initially identified in: Homosexual men intravenous drug users hemophiliacs people of color Who were targets of stigma and discrimination prior to advent of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS was initially referred to by many as gay-related immune deficiency (GRID) or the “gay plague”

8. SIX DIMENSIONS OF STIGMA concealability course disruptiveness aesthetic qualities origin peril

9. Four Stages, decreasing ability to conceal Visibility of HIV/AIDS diagnosis and Associated symptoms Person physically ill, experiences diarrhea, other socially unacceptable symptoms

10. The response to HIV/AIDS globally can be said to represent discrimination and devaluing diminished rights of women and young girls cultural attitudes about women as property of men sex trafficking fifteen million orphans

11. FEAR, PREJUDICE, AND MISINFORMATION RELATED TO HIV/AIDS Travel restrictions Deportation Verbal and physical abuse Denying food, basic care Criminalization

12. Human Rights Framework –bring attention to the disregard for basic human rights –fuels spread and discrimination –Ability of PLWHA to live their lives with dignity, free of stigma and discrimination