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Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens Prostate gland Epididymis Penis Testis
Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens Prostate gland Epididymis Penis Testis (a)
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Fig. 19.4 Basement membrane Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Basement membrane Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) Sustentacular cell Spermatogonia Rete testis Efferent ductules Testis Seminiferous tubule Primary and secondary spermatocytes Epididymis Duct of epididymis Spermatids (b) Sperm cells Septa Acrosome Lobules with coiled seminiferous tubules Head Ductus deferens Nucleus Midpiece Centriole (a) Tail Mitochondria (c) Tail (d)
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Fig. 19.3 Ureter Seminal vesicle Urinary bladder Ejaculatory duct
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Seminal vesicle Urinary bladder Ejaculatory duct Rectum Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Anus Penis Ductus deferens Epididymis Glans penis Testis Prepuce Scrotum Medial view
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Fig. 19.4 Basement membrane Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Basement membrane Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) Sustentacular cell Spermatogonia Rete testis Efferent ductules Testis Seminiferous tubule Primary and secondary spermatocytes Epididymis Duct of epididymis Spermatids (b) Sperm cells Septa Acrosome Lobules with coiled seminiferous tubules Head Ductus deferens Nucleus Midpiece Centriole (a) Tail Mitochondria (c) Tail (d)
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Fig. 19.5 1 Spermatogonia are the cells from which sperm
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Spermatogonia are the cells from which sperm cells arise. The spermatogonia divide by mitosis. One daughter cell remains a spermatogonium that can divide again by mitosis. cell becomes a primary spermatocyte. 1 Spermatogonium (germ cell) 46 46 Mitotic division 46 Daughter cell Sustentacular cell Primary spermatocyte 46 2 The primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes. 2 First meiotic division Secondary spermatocyte 23 23 3 The secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis to form spermatids. 3 Second meiotic division Spermatid 23 23 23 23 4 The spermatids differentiate to form sperm cells. 4 Spermatid becoming a sperm cell 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 Lumen of seminiferous tubule Sperm cells
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Table 19.2
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Fig. 19.7 1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH Hypothalamus Stimulatory 2 LH stimulates testosterone secretion from the interstitial cells. Inhibitory 3 FSH stimulates sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis and to secrete inhibin. Anterior pituitary 1 5 LH, FSH LH FSH 4 Testosterone has a stimulatory effect on the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules, as well as on the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. Inhibin 2 3 6 Interstitial cells of testis Sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules 5 Testosterone has a negative-feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary to reduce GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion. Testosterone 4 6 Inhibin has a negative-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary to reduce FSH secretion. Development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics Spermatogenesis
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Fig. 19.1 Mammary gland (in breast) Uterine tube Seminal vesicle Ovary
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mammary gland (in breast) Uterine tube Seminal vesicle Ovary Ductus deferens Prostate gland Uterus Epididymis Vagina Penis Testis (a) (b)
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Fig. 19.8 Vertebral column Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vertebral column Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Cervix of uterus Anterior Posterior Mons pubis Rectum Urethra Clitoris Vagina Urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Labia minora Labia majora Medial view
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Fig. 19.10 Mesovarium Blood vessels Primordial follicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mesovarium Blood vessels Primordial follicles Primary oocyte Primary follicles Granulosa cells Zona pellucida Degenerating follicle Secondary follicle Vesicles Theca Cumulus cells Antrum Mature, or graafian, follicle Corpus luteum Inner part of ovary Outer part of ovary Visceral peritoneum Degenerated corpus luteum
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Fig. 19.9 Uterine tube Mesovarium Uterine cavity Suspensory ligament
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Uterine tube Mesovarium Uterine cavity Suspensory ligament Ovary Fimbria Broad ligament Fundus Ampulla of uterine tube Ovary Uterine tube Broad ligament Ovarian ligament Uterus Body Round ligament Endometrium Myometrium (muscular layer) Perimetrium (serous layer) Broad ligament (cut) Cervix Cervical canal Vagina (cut) Opening of cervix Anterior view
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Fig. 19.8 Vertebral column Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vertebral column Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Cervix of uterus Anterior Posterior Mons pubis Rectum Urethra Clitoris Vagina Urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Labia minora Labia majora Medial view
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Fig. 19.14 Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary gland Pituitary gland LH FSH
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary gland Pituitary gland LH FSH Degenerating corpus luteum Corpus luteum Developing follicles Ovulation Estrogen Ovary Progesterone Endometrium Uterus 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 days Menses Proliferative phase Secretory phase Menses
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Number of primary oocytes
Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Oocyte Maturation Follicle Maturation Age 1 Oogonia give rise to oocytes. Before birth, oogonia multiply by mitosis. During development of the fetus, many oogonia begin meiosis, but stop in prophase I and are now called primary oocytes. They remain in this state until puberty. Oogonia Before birth 46 46 Mitotic division Daughter cell 46 1 2 Primary oocyte Primordial follicle 2 Before birth, the primary oocytes become surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells, creating a primordial follicle. These are present until puberty. Primary oocyte 46 First meiotic division begins and then stops Granulosa cells Number of primary oocytes decreases to 300,000 Birth to puberty 3 After puberty, primordial follicles develop into primary follicles when the granulosa cells enlarge and increase in number. Puberty to menopause 3 Primary follicles Primary oocyte Granulosa cells 4 Secondary follicles form when fluid-filled vesicles develop and thecal cells arise on the outside of the follicle. Zona pellucida Primary oocyte 4 Secondary follicle Zona pellucida Fluid-filled vesicles Granulosa cells 5 Mature follicles form when the vesicles create a single antrum. Theca 5 Mature (graafian) follicle 6 Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I, creating a secondary oocyte and a nonviable polar body. First meiotic division completed just before ovulation Zona pellucida 6 Cumulus cells Antrum 7 The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II, but stops at metaphase II. First polar body (may divide to form two polar bodies) Theca Secondary oocyte 23 23 Second meiotic division begins and then stops Granulosa cells being converted to corpus luteum cells 8 During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary. 7 Ovulation 9 The secondary oocyte only completes meiosis II if it is fertilized by a sperm cell. The completion of meiosis II forms an oocyte and a second polar body. Fertilization is complete when the oocyte nucleus and the sperm cell nucleus unite, creating a zygote. Secondary oocyte Secondary oocyte 23 8 Zona pellucida 9 Second polar body Sperm cell unites with secondary oocyte Cumulus cells 1 23 23 Zygote 23 46 1 Following ovulation, the granulosa cells divide rapidly and enlarge to form the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum Second meiotic division completed after sperm cell unites with the secondary oocyte 11 1 1 The corpus luteum degenerates to form a scar, or corpus albicans. Fertilization Corpus albicans
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