1. Vision on Nuclear Power for the Future in Korea
ATOM FOR PEACE
Vision on Nuclear Power for the Future in Korea
C-S KANG
Professor Emeritus
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
September 16, 2008

2. Contents of Presentation
Review of Energy Situations
World Situation
Korean Situation
Vision on Nuclear Power towards the Future in Korea
Near-Term Vision
Long-Term Vision

3. World Primary Energy Demand
World Energy Situations
World Primary Energy Demand
(Projected by IEA)

4. World Growth of Nuclear Power
World Energy Situations
World Growth of Nuclear Power
(Projected by IAEA)
Dark green – Low projection (20% Increase in 2030)
Light green – High projection (100% increase in 2030)
Source: 20/20 IAEA Vision for the Future (February 2008)

5. Expectations for Nuclear Developments in the World
World Energy Situations
Expectations for Nuclear Developments in the World
Operating NP
China and India
Considering NP
Source: IAEA Presentation in INSAG in Mumbai by Taniguchi, DDG (April 2007)

6. Energy Mix in Korea Trend Fossil Fuels: 82.5%
Energy Situations in Korea
Energy Mix in Korea
Trend
Year
1980
1990
2007
Oil
61.1%
53.8%
43.4%
Coal
30.1%
26.2%
25.3%
LNG 0%
3.2%
13.8%
Nuclear
2.0%
14.2%
14.9%
Others
Hydro
Fire woods, etc.
0.5%
Fossil Fuels: 82.5%

7. Energy Imports in Korea
Energy Situations in Korea
Energy Imports in Korea
As of 2007:
95 Billion US Dollars are spent for energy import, which is 26.6% of total national import.
=> Dominates the national trade deficit.
96.7% of energy required was imported from foreign countries.
=> Energy supply structure is extremely fragile.

8. Electricity Generation in Korea
Energy Situations in Korea
Electricity Generation in Korea
Installed Capacity (end of 2007) Electricity Generated (2007)

9. Concerns on Energy Situations
Energy Situations in Korea
Concerns on Energy Situations
Unstable Oil Price: $89(1/2)=>$100(3/14)=>$129(5/22)=>$ (??)
CO2 Emission: 83.4% from energy sector (fossil fuels)

10. Conclusions on Energy Situations in Korea
ATOM FOR PEACE
Oil:
Pernicious effects on national energy security due to unstable oil price.
Coal:
Global warming problems due to high CO2 emission. Additional environmental costs are anticipated to comply with the UN Climate Convention.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG):
No more extra supply allowances in the world sufficient enough to replace oil and coal. The price change is expected in connection with oil price hike.
Renewables:
Not economical due to low efficiency. Since they are unreliable and unstable in supply mechanism, duplicate investments are needed for backup to assure the stable supply.
Demand Side Management (DSM):
Inefficient contrary to huge industrial investment needs. Its effects appear delayed, and there exist bounding limits in its final achievement.
Nuclear:
Only viable alternative solution for low carbon economy in replacing fossil fuels and overcoming the concerns on CO2 emission and unstable oil price.

11. Additional Nuclear Power Proposed for the Period of 2017-2030
Energy Situations in Korea
Additional Nuclear Power Proposed for the Period of
ATOM FOR PEACE
Projection 1
LNG
Coal
Nuclear
# of new units 3 16 9
Installed capacity (%)
17.8
34.8
37.0
Generation capacity (%)
1.8
36.5
55.7
Projection 2
LNG
Coal
Nuclear
# of new units 3 12
Installed capacity (%)
17.8
31.0
40.9
Generation capacity (%)
1.7
32.0
60.4

12. Nuclear Power: Current Status
Energy Situations in Korea
Nuclear Power: Current Status
20 units in operation as of today
16 PWRs
4 PHWRs at Wolsong
28 units in operation by 2016
6 units under construction
4 OPR1000
2 APR1400
2 units under preparation for construction
38 units in operation by 2030
10 additional units of APR1400 planned in 2017 thru 2030
59% generation capacity
Seoul
Ulchin
Wolsong
Under Construction
In Operation
Preparation for Construction
OPR1000
APR1400
Yonggwang
Kori

13. Overall Nuclear Power Programs in Korea
Energy Situations in Korea
Overall Nuclear Power Programs in Korea
PWR (14 units)
6-Westinghouse
2-CE
2-FRAMATOME
4-KSNP
PHWR (4 units)
4-CANDU(AECL)
OPR1000
(1,000 MWe)
2 in operation (2006)
4 under construction (2011)
APR1400(1450 MWe)
4 under const. & negotiation (2016)
10 in planning ( )
SMART (330 MWt)
Under develop.
VHTR
Hydrogen (300 MWt) Production
SFR.
Sustainable Development

14. Reactor Transition Scenario - KAERI Study
Assumptions:
Total electricity generation growth rate
2006~2020 : Planned
2021~2050 : 0.9%/year
2051~2100 : Reduced to 0%/year in 2100
Nuclear share of 43.4% after 2020
51.1 GWe
34.8 GWe
Advanced PWR
PWR
SFR
PHWR

15. Nuclear Visions for the Future
ATOM FOR PEACE
Near-Term:
Vision 1: Explore the Extensive Utilization of Nuclear Power
APR1400 for large-scale electricity generation
SMART for multi-purpose application
Vision 2: Formulate the Effective Strategy to Export the Nuclear Power Technology
Reduction of unit construction cost (APR1400)
Formation of “Extended Nuclear Vendor”
Long-Term:
Vision 3: Establish the Long-Term National Energy Policy Using Nuclear
Electricity generation: APR1400
Hydrogen production: VHTR (expeditious development needed)
Vision 4: Develop the Fast Reactor Technology for Ultimate Sustainability
Future Reactor: SFR (Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor)
Fuel cycle technology: Pyroprocessing

16. “Explore the Extensive Utilization of
Vision 1
Vision 1:
“Explore the Extensive Utilization of
Nuclear Power”
ATOM FOR PEACE
1-1 Increase the nuclear power mix in electricity generation (APR1400):
Raise from 35.5%(2007) to 80% as soon as possible.
Reduce the oil dependency using electricity in transportation systems:
hybrid car
electric car
1-2 Diversify the application of nuclear power in other fields beyond electricity generation (SMART):
District heating
Sea-water desalination
Ship propulsion, etc.
*The Government recently allocated 800M$ for design certification process.

17. APR1400 (Advanced Power Reactor)
Vision 1
APR1400 (Advanced Power Reactor)
Large-Scale Electricity Generation
Stable Operation
- POSRVs
Improved Maintainability
- Integrated Head Assembly
Improved SG Integrity
- Inconel 690 Tubes
- Reduced Hot-Leg Temperature
- Increased Tube Plugging Margin
Increased Safety Margin
Enhanced Transient
Response
- Increased PZR Volume
High Reliability and
Better Performance
- DVI
- IRWST
- Fluidic Device in SIT
Severe Accident Mitigation
- ERVCS
Reactor: loop Advanced PWR
(2 S/Gs, 4 RCPs)
Power: ,000 MWt
(1,450 MWe)
Design Certification: May 7, 2002
Commercial Operation: Shin-Kori 3 & 4
in 2012 & 2013

18. SMART (System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor)
Vision 1
SMART (System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor)
Multi-Purpose Utilization
System Concept
SMART Power : 330 MWt
Desalination : MED
Water Production : 40,000 t/day
Electricity Production
- Thermal Efficiency :  30%
- Power :  90 MWe
SMART
Steam
Desalination
Electricity
Fresh Water
Grid
seawater
Sea-water Desalination
Supply of water and electricity to
the area of 10,000 population or
corresponding industrial complex

19. Vision 2: Vision 2 “Formulate the Effective Strategy to
Export Nuclear Power Technology”
ATOM FOR PEACE
2-1 Improve the economics:
Improve the unit construction cost ($/kWe)
Reduce the construction schedule (IDC=30%)
Utilize integrated module concept
2-2 Form an ‘Extended Nuclear Vendor’:
Establish the EPC system plus follow-up operational services for full customer service
Consolidate the efforts for successful overseas marketing => Privatization of vendor

20. Integrated Module Using SC Structure
Vision 2
Integrated Module Using SC Structure
Concept of Integrated Module
Integration of:
SC structure wall
piping
supports
cable trays
ducts
Concept of SC Structure (Concrete Filled Steel Structure)
Steel structure instead of reinforced concrete
No formwork

21. Comparison of Construction Concepts
Vision 2
Comparison of Construction Concepts
conventional
rebar and formwork installation
concrete pour
formwork removal
piping & equip. installation
모듈(공장제작)
equipment installation
module placement
modularized
integrated module shop-fabrication
concrete pour

22. Modularization of Auxiliary Building
Vision 2
Modularization of Auxiliary Building
- Auxiliary Building chosen due to its high complexity.
- Barge-transportation of large modules on the ocean, & transporter/trailer on the ground.
- Module sizes: m
- Module weights: t
- New approaches in engineering, procurement, installation & construction.
- Marine and shipbuilding experiences used.

23. Construction Schedule Reduction APR1400 (54M → 36M)
Vision 2
Construction Schedule Reduction APR1400 (54M → 36M)
FC Set R/V Energ. CHT HFT FL CO (54 M)
(20M) (9M) (10M) (4M) (4M) (7M)
FC Set R/V Energ. CHT HFT FL CO (36 M)
(12M) (6M) (3M) (4M) (4M) (7M)
FC: first concrete
R/V: reactor vessel
CHT: cold hydro test
HFT: hot functional test
FL: fuel loading
CO: commercial operation

24. Extended Nuclear Vendor
Vision 2
Extended Nuclear Vendor
Integration of activities in:
KHNP: project management
KOPEC: architect engineering, NSSS design
DOOSAN: component design, equipment manufacturing and installation
KNFC: fuel supply
KPS: maintenance and repair, operational services

25. “Establish the Long-Term National Energy Policy Using Nuclear”
Vision 3
Vision 3:
“Establish the Long-Term National Energy Policy Using Nuclear”
ATOM FOR PEACE
3-1 Increase the use electricity and hydrogen to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels:
most convenient forms of energy
environmentally friendly
unlimited resources
3-2 Employ the mass production of electricity and hydrogen using nuclear power:
For electricity generation, APR1400: already under construction
For hydrogen production, VHTR: under development thru GIF for thermo-chemical SI process

26. Proposed Long-Term National Energy Supply Scheme
Vision 3
Proposed Long-Term National Energy Supply Scheme
production
delivery
consumption
hydrogen:
VHTR
liquefaction
hydrogen
car
cooking
heating
electricity:
APR1400
superconductor
electric
car
home
appliances
production: mass production using nuclear
hydrogen: VHTR + Thermo-chemical SI process
electricity: APR1400
delivery: delivery from production sites to consumers
hydrogen: pipeline transport using liquefied form
electricity: transmission using superconductor
consumption: various consumers
hydrogen: fuel for H2 car, cooking, heating and cooling
electricity: electricity for electric car, home appliances

27. VHTR (Very High Temperature Reactor)
Vision 3
VHTR (Very High Temperature Reactor)
Large-Scale H2 Production H2
Thermo-Chemical
IS Process
Hydrogen
VHTR

28. Vision 4
Vision 4:
“Develop the Fast Reactor Technology for Ultimate Sustainability of Nuclear Energy”
ATOM FOR PEACE
4-1 Actively participate in GIF for the development of SFR technology:
Maximum Utilization of U Resources
Minimal Waste Formation
Improved Economy
Enhanced Safety
4-2 Develop related fuel cycle technology (Pyroprocessing):
Proliferation Resistance

29. Nuclear Power: SF Storage Capacity
Vision 4
Nuclear Power: SF Storage Capacity
PWR Spent Fuels:
On-site SF storage (pool) capacity will reach the limit by 2016 using densed racks.
Construction of independent interim SF storage facility is under discussion.
PHWR Used Fuels:
On-site dry (concrete silo) storage will reach the capacity limit by 2017.
Expansion of on-site dry storage will continue prior to final decision for disposal.
On-Site Storage Capacity
NPP
Sites
Storage
Capacity
(MTU)
Year of
Saturation
Densed rack
Kori
2,253
2016
Yonggwang
3,528
2021
Ulchin
2,326
2018
Concrete silo
Wolsong
9,155
2017
Total
17,262

30. Spent Fuel Inventories - KAERI Study Cumulative PWR spent fuel
Vision 4
Spent Fuel Inventories - KAERI Study 69
PWR - OTC
SFR
0.1
Cumulative PWR spent fuel

31. Proposed Back-End Fuel Cycle Strategy
Vision 4
Proposed Back-End Fuel Cycle Strategy
Waste Volume : Reduction to 1/ U Recovery
HLW Disposal Requirement : Reduction to 1/ Cs, Sr Separation
Radioactive Toxicity : Less than 1/1, TRU, Tc, I Recovery and Burning
Uranium Utilization : More than 100 times Fuel Breeding
Spent Fuel
HLW Disposal
Pyroprocessing
SFR
U-TRU-Zr Fuel
Interim Storage
PWR
CANDU
Used Fuel ?
*TRU (Transuranics): Pu + MA
*MA (Minor Actinides): Np, Am, Cm
TRU
Cs, Sr U
Long-Term Storage
Process Loss
Fission Products
LLW Disposal

32. SFR (Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor)
Vision 4
SFR (Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor)
Technology for Sustainable Development
PDRC SG

33. SFR: R&D Activities Vision 4 Advanced Concept Design Studies
Core design
Heat transport system design
Mechanical structure design
Advanced Concept
Design Studies
PDRC SG
PDRC experiment
Na-CO2 chemical reaction test
S-CO2 Brayton cycle system development
Metal fuel development
Development of
Advanced Technologies
System analysis code development
Sodium technology development
Development of
Basic Technologies

34. Technology for Proliferation-Resistance
Vision 4
Pyroprocessing Technology
Technology for Proliferation-Resistance

35. Pyroprocessing: R&D Activities
Vision 4
Issues:
Increased throughput
Simple and easy operation mode
Reduction of waste products volume
R&D Activities:
Graphite cathode employment to recover U in electrorefining system
Crystallization method application to recover pure salt from waste mixture

36. SFR & Pyroprocessing Technology: Draft Action Plan for Development
Prepared by MEST in December 2007.
Presented to the Public Hearing on September 9 for finalization of the Plan.
‘08
’11
’15
’20
’26
’28
Gen IV
SFR
Advanced
Design
Concept
System
Performance
Test
Standard
Design
Detailed
Design
Demo
Plant
Licensing Technology Development
Fuel Irradiation Test
Pyro-processing
Mock-up Pyro
Facility (Nat. U)
10t/yr
Eng.-scale Pyro
Facility (Hotcell)
10t/yr
Prototype
Pyro Facility
100t/yr
Prototype
Pyro Facility
Operation

37. Summary: Nuclear Visions in Korea
ATOM FOR PEACE
1. Increase of nuclear utilization
Electricity generation up to 80% using APR1400:
electricity used for transportation systems: hybrid car, electric car
Multi-purpose application of nuclear using SMART:
sea-water desalination, district heating, ship propulsion, etc.
2. Formulation of strategy for export drive of nuclear technology
Reduction of unit construction cost using integrated module concept
Formation of a private firm, extended nuclear vendor for full customer service
3. Establishment of long-term national energy supply plan using nuclear to produce electricity and hydrogen, and reduce the oil and LNG dependency
Electricity generation with APR1400
Hydrogen Production with VHTR
4. Development of fast reactor technology for ultimate sustainability
Minimization of wastes and maximum utilization of U resources with proliferation-resistance

38. ATOM FOR PEACE
Thank you very much!