1. Chapter 12 The Gothic Style: Faith and Knowledge in an Age of Inquiry Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

2. What ideas, technological innovations, and stylistic developments mark the rise of the Gothic style in France? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

3. The architectural style that came to be known as Gothic originated at the Abbey of Saint-Denis, just north of Paris Saint-Denis was dedicated in 1144 The building was the work of Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis Abbot Suger wanted to bring prominence to the Île-de-France by creating an architecture that surpassed all others in beauty and grandeur Soon many other cathedral buildings in France followed suit Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

4. Saint-Denis and the Gothic Cathedral Abbot Suger was inspired by writings that interpreted light as the physical and material manifestation of the Divine Spirit In order to illuminate the church with uninterrupted light, Suger added a circular string of chapels (apsidal chapels) at the back of the ambulatory These apsidal chapels had large stained-glass windows He also added a new façade with twin towers and a triple portal The church’s beauty was designed to elevate the soul to the realm of God Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

5. Chartres Cathedral The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Chartres was modeled on Saint-Denis Chartres was the spiritual center for the cult of the Virgin, which became increasingly important throughout Western Europe throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries The popularity of this cult contributed to the ever-increasing size of the era’s churches Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

6. Stained Glass The purpose of the stained-glass programs in all Gothic cathedrals was to tell the stories of the Bible to an audience that was largely illiterate The stained-glass program at Chartres is immensely complex Architectural innovations during the Gothic freed the walls to contain increasingly larger windows Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

7. Gothic Architecture A key innovation was the rib vaulting Rib vaulting made it possible to replace the massive Romanesque stonework with thinner columns and patterns of ribs and windows All architectural elements point upwards like a gravity-defying crescendo that carries the viewer’s gaze toward the heavens The pointed arches of the Gothic reduce the outward thrust, thus allowing for larger windows and lighter buttresses The flying buttresses help spread the weight of the vaults over more supporting stone, allowing the walls to be thinner Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

8. Gothic Sculpture Gothic sculptors began to reintroduce Classical principles of sculptural composition into Western art The traditional narratives of biblical tradition would no longer speak through abstracted and symbolic types, but instead required believable, individual bodies and animated facial expressions to tell their stories Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

9. Music in the Gothic Cathedral: Growing Complexity With its vast spaces and stone walls, the Gothic cathedral could be as animated by its acoustics as by its light At the School of Notre-Dame in Paris, the first collection of music in two parts, the Magnus Liber Organi (The Great Book of Polyphony), was widely distributed by about 1160 It was chiefly the work of the composers Léonin and Pérotin Among their most significant innovations is their emphasis on counterpoint and the complex musical form of the motet Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

10. Why did the University of Paris become preeminent among medieval institutions of higher learning? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

11. The quality of the teaching at the University of Paris distinguished it from other universities The school’s most renowned lecturer was Peter Abelard, who taught by the dialectical method Probably the most important scholar at the University of Paris was Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas adopted Abelard’s dialectical method to his own Scholasticism Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

12. What is the Radiant style? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

13. By the middle of the thirteenth century, the Gothic style in France had been elaborated into increasingly flamboyant patterns of repeated traceries and ornament, which is referred to as Rayonnant or Radiant style In France, this style was closely associated with the court of Louis IX (r. 1226 – 1270) One of his most important contributions to the Church, and to the history of Gothic architecture, is the royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle on the Île de la Cité in Paris Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

14. How did the Gothic style manifest itself in Italy? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

15. The Gothic in Italy manifested itself in ways quite different from the rest of Europe Italy consisted of a number of individual city-states independent of control by a king or the Holy Roman Emperor The political power in these city-states rested with the communities’ leading merchant families The competitive atmosphere between the city- states prompted civic leaders to commission new cathedrals and churches The city-state of Siena took the lead commissioning the artist Giovanni Pisano to create a new façade for its cathedral Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

16. Pisano’s design integrated features of the French Gothic style, such as the triple portal with its pointed gables over the tympana Pisano’s great innovation was the sculptural program for the cathedral with figures that stand independently of the architecture Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

17. The New Mendicant Orders Aside from cathedrals, civic leaders engaged in building projects for the new urban religious orders: the Dominicans and the Franciscans The Dominicans and the Franciscans were reformist orders, dedicated to active service in the cities, especially among the common people Compared to Gothic churches of the period, the mendicant churches are austere in their decoration Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.