1. Chapter 8 The Progressive Movement
U.S. History
Chapter 8
The Progressive Movement

2. The Progressive Movement 1890-1920
A reform movement aimed at making government take action to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life.
Reformers from all walks of life

3. Four Goals of Progressivism
Gov’t should protect social welfare
Child Labor
Gov’t should promote moral improvement
Prohibition
Gov’t should create economic reforms
Graduated Income Tax
Gov’t should be more efficient

4. Muckrakers
Progressive writers who had a tremendous influence on public opinion. Many of them used scientific data to investigate issues of concern and then published their findings so that the public would demand reform. A modern term for muckraking is investigative journalism.

5. Jacob Riis
How the Other Half Lives (1890): exposed living conditions in urban tenements
The Children of the Poor (1892): attacked child labor in urban factories

6. Upton Sinclair
The Jungle (1906): exposed horrific conditions in American meat-packing plants; led to reforms that made processed food safer

7. Ida Tarbell
The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904): exposed the unfair business practices of John Rockefeller; helped fuel a gov’t antitrust suit that led to the breakup of Standard Oil in 1911

8. Lincoln Steffens
The Shame of the Cities (1904): linked big business and crooked politicians in the operation of political machines

9. The Progressives also brought new forms of city gov’t:
Commission: a board makes all decisions for a city (Galveston, TX, 1901)
Council-Manager: an elected council to set laws, a professional manager hired to run city services (Dayton, OH, 1913)
Hazen Pingree (Detroit) and Tom Johnson (Cleveland) helped to clean up political machines

10. Progressives also helped to break up monopolies that provided city utilities such as water, electricity, and gas. By 1915, 2/3 of American cities had some city-owned utilities.

11. Voting reform
Some governors and state legislators also promoted Progressive reforms. Gov. Robert La Follette of Wisconsin instituted a direct primary, an election in which citizens vote to select the candidates for upcoming elections.

12. Other state-level Progressive voting reforms:
Initiative: allows citizens to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in an election by collecting voters’ signatures on a petition
Referendum: allows voters to approve or reject a law passed by the state legislature
Recall: allows voters to remove public officials from office before the next election

13. Women Work for changes in Family Life-
Temperance movement
Womens Christian Temperance Union
This group promoted temperance, the practice of never drinking alcohol; motivations were the perception that men spent earnings on liquor, neglected families, and abused their wives
Margaret Sanger
Nurse who thought family life would improve if mothers birthed fewer children
Opened the country’s first birth-control clinic

14. Critical Thinking?
How would voting help women change the conditions in which they worked?
MUSIC VIDEO TIME-OUT

15. The Progressive Amendments:
Sixteenth Amendment (1913): authorized Congress to collect federal income taxes
Seventeenth Amendment (1913): allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators
Eighteenth Amendment (1919): the Prohibition Amendment
Nineteenth Amendment (1920): granted women’s suffrage

16. The Women’s Suffrage Movement
For about 70 years, women’s organizations actively campaigned for suffrage, or the right to vote. The movement began in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention; led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

17. National Woman Suffrage Association, 1869
Based in New York and led by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, its goal was a constitutional amendment allowing women the right to vote nationwide.

18. American Woman Suffrage Association
Based in Boston and led by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, hoped to gain suffrage on a state-by-state basis. They had some success: by 1900 Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado had granted women full voting rights.

19. Critical Thinking ?
Why was there so much resistance to women receiving the right to vote?

20. NAWSA
The two groups merged in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Then, the movement slowed down a bit with the deaths of Anthony and Stanton in 1902 and 1906.

21. Alice Paul
Paul created the National Woman’s Party, which called for an aggressive, militant campaign for women’s suffrage. She and her followers were expelled from NAWSA.

22. Carrie Chapman Catt
In 1915, Catt became president of the NAWSA and called for the development of a large group of full-time leaders to direct a re-introduced push for a suffrage amendment to the Constitution.

23. Critical Thinking?
Why do you think women’s suffrage was legal in western states before becoming legal in much of the rest of the country?

24. Women’s Suffrage
The U.S. entered WWI in 1917, and women rushed to do their part, volunteering as nurses for the army and taking on the jobs left by men. This wartime unity helped persuade the last opponents of suffrage to reconsider their position.

25. 19th Amendment: Suffrage
In 1918, Congress formally proposed the Nineteenth Amendment. In August 1920, Tennessee became the 36th and final state needed to approve it. Harry Burn, the youngest member of the legislature, cast a tie-breaking vote that finally brought suffrage to American women.

26. Key TN figures in the 19th Amendment
Albert H. Roberts ( )---the governor of TN , it was he who called a special session of the General Assembly in August 1920 to consider ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Harry Burn ( )---the 24-year-old representative who cast the deciding vote on the Nineteenth Amendment in the Tennessee legislature.
Anne Dallas Dudley ( )---Tennessee’s answer to Susan B. Anthony, Dudley was the wife of a wealthy Nashville insurance executive who promoted the Nineteenth Amendment and equal rights across the state.

27. Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson

28. President Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Led the Rough Riders in the Spanish American War
Elected VP in 1900
Became Prez when McKinley assassinated in 1901

29. Roosevelt and Taft
TR made the White House a powerful voice for reform. He said he was offering Americans a “Square Deal”, for employers and employees, producers and consumers.

30. “Trustbuster”
TR opposed monopolies, and since the Sherman Antitrust Act was rarely enforced, he took action himself. He personally filed 44 antitrust lawsuits, and succeeded in breaking up or reorganizing a number of companies.
In 1902 TR forced mediation in a coal strike which set precedent for federal intervention in strikes (workers won).

31. Using Federal Power
TR was easily re-elected in In 1906, he won passage of the Hepburn Act, which gave the ICC stronger powers to regulate RR.
Also in 1906, he instituted the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

32. Conservation
TR also urged Congress to take further steps to protect the natural resources of the U.S. He preserved more than 200 million acres for national forests, mineral reserves, water projects, animal sanctuaries, and created the U.S. Forest Service, with Gifford Pinchot as its director.

33. President Taft
TR’s handpicked successor was his Sec. of War, William Howard Taft of Ohio. With TR’s support, Taft easily defeated William Jennings Bryan in Bryan’s third and final attempt to win the presidency, in 1908.

34. Reluctant President
Taft had a difficult time as president; he would much rather have been Supreme Court Chief Justice. He lacked TR’s energy and strength of personality. He disappointed many early by not appointing any Progressives to his cabinet.

35. Taft vs Roosevelt
Taft further disappointed Progressives by accepting a higher tariff, the Payne-Aldrich Act. He also fired Gifford Pinchot as head of the Forest Service after Pinchot accused his boss, Sec. of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger, of corruption.

36. Republicans Split
After TR returned from a long safari in Africa, he was met with a hero’s welcome and a storm of protest against Taft. At first, TR refused to criticize Taft, but before long turned on him. He campaigned for Progressive candidates in the 1910 congressional elections, and introduced a new Progressive program he called New Nationalism.

37. New Nationalism platform issues:
Business regulation
Voting reforms
Workplace protection for women and children
Income and inheritance taxes
Direct election of senators

38. TR Runs for 3rd Term
In early 1912, TR announced he would challenge Taft for the Republican nomination. He gained support in many primaries, but in the end the party decided to stay with Taft. In August, the Progressives held their own convention and nominated Roosevelt for president.

39. “Bull Moose” Party
When TR was asked by a reporter how he felt, he replied, “I’m as fit as a Bull Moose!” The Bull Moose Party became the nickname of the Progressive Party.

40. Woodrow Wilson
The Democrats chose Woodrow Wilson, the Progressive governor of New Jersey, as their candidate in the election. He was critical of both big business and big government, and promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening economic competition.

41. New Freedom
Wilson countered TR’s New Nationalism with his own program that he called the “New Freedom”, emphasizing competition in business while limiting the economic power of the government.

42. President Wilson
In the election of 1912, the Republican vote was split between TR and Taft, allowing Wilson to win. Wilson gained only 42% of the popular vote, but collected 435 electoral votes to Roosevelt’s 88 and Taft’s 8.

43. Wilson’s Policies as President
Wilson’s first major victory was tariff reduction, which had long been a Progressive goal. The Underwood Tariff of 1913 reduced average tariff rates from 40% to 30%.

44. Banking Reform
Wilson next wanted to reform the American banking system. After a long, heated debate, Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act of This act created the Federal Reserve System, which divided the country into 12 districts, each with a Federal Reserve Bank and several branch cities.

45. Trustbusting defined
At Wilson’s urging, Congress in 1914 passed the Clayton Antitrust Act to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act. Instead of simply making trusts illegal, the Clayton Act spelled out specific activities that big business could not do.

46. Business Regulation
Also in 1914 Wilson and Congress created the Federal Trade Commission, which was given the power to order companies to stop unfair business tactics.

47. More Wilson Reforms
16th Amendment: 1913 change to Constitution which legalized the income tax
Graduated income tax that ranged from 1% to 6%.
Federal Farm Loan Board: Federal govt would loan $$ to farmers cheaper than banks

48. WWI Ended the Progressive Era