1. REGIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP COMESA/SADC – EE Possibilities and Perspectives Presentation by Luc Kevo Tossou Energy Efficiency Workshop: SADC - COMESA Namibia, 11- 12 November 2015 This project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by in Consortium with

2. Agenda Key Issues on Power Demand Key Issues on Power Supply Response to the Key Issues Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the supply side Energy Efficiency Potential Barriers to Energy Efficiency in Africa Options to remove barriers to EE Conclusion

3. Key Issues on Power Demand Electricity demand in Africa is constrained by availability of supply. Total electricity demand in 2012, 605 TWh Source: Africa Energy Outlook, 2014 Demand in Sub Saharan Africa was 352 TWh in 2012, just 70% of the level of Korea, which has a population 5% of the size

4. Key Issues on Power Demand (Continued) Population without Access to Electricity

5. Key Issues on Power Supply Insufficient generation capacity - Grid-based power generation capacity in sub-Saharan Africa has increased from around 68 GW in 2000 to 90 GW in 2012, with South Africa alone accounting for about half of the total (WEO, 2014) Poor reliability many firms operate their own diesel generators at two to three times the cost with attendant environmental costs Source: Africa Energy Outlook, 2014

6. Key Issues on Power Supply (Continued) Transmission and distribution losses estimated at 19% (SADC), 21 to 25% (ECOWAS), well above global average (8%) Source: SADC RE and EE Status Report, 2015

7. Key Issues on Power Supply (Continued) Power Generation: Power plants in sub-Saharan Africa consists largely of technologies with the lowest efficiencies, often favored due to their lower upfront capital costs. Average efficiency of the fleet of gas-fired power plants was 38% in 2012, due to the predominance of open-cycle gas turbines (instead of higher efficiency combined-cycle gas turbines) Average efficiency of gas-fired power plants in India (46%) Unused fuel could have generated 8 TWh (21%) more electricity (WEO 2014). Source: http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2012/07/25/mozambique-will- have-three-more-natural-gas-fired-power-plants/

8. Response to the key Issues Energy Efficiency as an essential tool to meet the continent energy supply challenge Dissemination of CFLs (Replacement of incandescent bulbs with CFLs) Energy saving awareness Promotion of energy efficient households appliances (ACs and Refrigerators) through MEPS and energy labeling programs Solar water heating Energy audits Power factor correction Promotion of efficient cooking stoves In spite of these efforts, numerous challenges persist

9. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side There are numerous other possibilities for improving energy efficiency on the demand and supply sides. Demand Side Lighting 65% of all end use global electricity consumption Electric Motors Cook stoves Transport Others Supply Side Transmission and distribution Source: OECD/IEA, 2011

10. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Lighting Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Light Output (lumens) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) - Watt Incandescent Light Bulbs (Watt) Compact Fluorescents (CFLs) - Watt 4504 - 5409 - 13 8006 - 86013 - 15 11009 - 137518 - 25 160016 - 2010023 – 30 260025 - 2815030 - 55 Source: Compilation

11. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side – Lighting (Continued) Energy Efficient Light Bulbs use less power (watts) per unit of light generated (lumens) and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and lower electric bills Energy Efficiency and Energy Cost Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Incandescent Li ght Bulbs Compact Fluorescents (CFLs) Life Span (average)50,000 hours1,200 hours8,000 hours Watts of electricity used 6 - 86013 - 15 kWh of electricity used (8 hours per day) 21 kWh/year175 KWh/year41 KWh/year Annual operating costs at $0,07 per kWh $1.5/year$12/year$3/year Energy Saving Potential90% (replacing an IL by a LED) - 77% (replacing an IL by a CFL) LEDs have less negative environmental impacts than incandescent bulbs and a slight edge over CFLs (DOE study)

12. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side – Lighting (Continued) Control technology upgrades for lighting systems – Installing occupancy sensors ApplicationEnergy Savings Offices (Private)25-50% Offices (Open Spaces)20-25% Rest Rooms30-75% Corridors30-40% Storage areas45-65% Meeting Rooms45-65% Conference Rooms45-65% Warehouses50-75% Source: Energy Management Handbook, 7 th Edition, p.333

13. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Motors Motors are widely used across all sectors and consume a significant part of the electricity in the industry and tertiary sectors Source: EU SAVE II Survey, 2000

14. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Motors Application of Energy Efficient Motors Reduce energy consumption Save energy in the cables and transformers that feed the motor Contribute to reduced demand

15. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Motors Application of variable speed drive Source: EU SAVE II Survey, 2000

16. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Motors Example: Improving a pumping system efficiency (VSD + HEM) Source: UNIDO, 2011

17. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Motors Adopt best practices in motor rewind/repair Motor Description Efficiency before Rewind Efficiency after Rewind Efficiency Change * Comments 200 hp, 60 Hz, 4 poles95.7% 95.1%-0.6%1st rewind 95.6%-0.1%2nd rewind 150 hp, 60 Hz, 2 poles95.9% 0.0%1st rewind 95.9%0.0%2nd rewind 95.8%-0.1%3rd rewind 110 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles94.8% 94.6%-0.2%1st rewind 94.6%-0.2%2nd rewind 75 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles93.0% 93.6%0.6%1st rewind 93.6%0.6%2nd rewind 93.7%0.7%3rd rewind 5.5 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles86.7%86.9%0.2% Five burnouts at 360°C, one rewind only 5.5 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles83.2%84.0%0.8% Five burnouts at 360°C, one rewind only * Each of the percent changes is relative to the "before rewind" efficiency Source: CLASP, 2014

18. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side – Biomass Cooking Stove Biomass cooking stoves use biomass (wood, agricultural residuals etc.) to produce heat for cooking Three-stone fire is very common in most (not only inefficient but also pollute the indoor air affecting the health of the householders) According to the WHO, up to 1.5 million people die each year as a result of indoor air pollution Source: http://www.abcdreams.org.uk/ Improving the traditional three stone stoves will not only save energy, time, and money but also reduce indoor air pollution

19. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side – Biomass Cooking Stove Improve traditional Biomass cooking stoves Source: http://www.bigee.net/media/filer_public/2014/03/17/appliance__residential_cookingstoves__user_savings__20140220__8.pdf

20. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side – Transport Fuel efficient tyres Fuel economy of light-duty vehicles Fuel economy of heavy-duty vehicles Eco-driving (Improvements in driving techniques) Source: http://adefemiadesida.blogspot.ca/2014_11_11_archive.html

21. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side - Others Improvement of thermal performance of building envelop Energy efficient boilers Waste heat recovery Energy management systems

22. Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Supply Side – T&D 1. Use of energy efficient distribution transformers: They are among the most ubiquitous and the most standardized pieces of electrical equipment, and for that reason make a prime target for improvements that can then be propagated across large areas. 2. Use of High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) for long distance transmission

23. Energy Efficiency Potential (SADC) Projected demand reduction in MW under the SAPP DSM program 2012 - 2018 Source: SADC RE and EE Status Report, 2015

24. Energy Efficiency Potential (SADC) - Continued Saving potential for energy-efficient refrigerators, air conditioners and distribution transformers in SADC Countries Source: SADC RE and EE Status Report, 2015

25. Energy Efficiency Potential (Global) According to the IEA, two-thirds of the economic potential to improve energy efficiency remains untapped in the period to 2035 Source: World Energy Outlook, 2014

26. What is blocking application of and investments in Energy Efficiency in Africa? Energy ‐ efficiency potentials are not being realised, even when they are economically cost ‐ effective. Numerous barriers impede their adoption and rapid market diffusion Lack of information on energy efficiency among consumers and the financial sector, leading to cost-effective energy-efficiency measures opportunities being missed Limited know how of policy makers Lack of technical capacity to develop and implement energy efficiency projects Subsidised energy prices Organizational and institutional gaps and overlaps Limited access to capital may prevent energy-efficiency measures from being implemented Inertia: individuals who are opponents to change within an organisation may result in overlooking energy-efficiency measures that are cost-effective Policy interventions are required to overcome such barriers

27. Options to Remove Barriers to Energy Efficiency Removing barriers to energy efficiency require different measures Minimum energy performance standards (MESP) and labeling Awareness-raising efforts Economic incentives Energy efficiency programmes and capacity building Energy service companies Energy Management systems Evaluation and impacts assessment are important

28. Conclusion More measures need to be adopted and implemented to improve energy efficiency on the continent A large part of the potential is untapped as most countries relay on old and inefficient technologies (often acquired second-hand) The residential, service and industry sectors use more than 80% of the energy in African countries, making these sectors an obvious focus to implement measures to improve efficiency on the demand side Energy efficiency measures are also needed in the transmission and distribution system due to high technical and non-technical losses therein.

29. Thank you for your attention! Luc Kevo Tossou Energy Efficiency Expert This project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by in Consortium with