1. 40. How did Africa become involved in foreign trade? African Exports Slaves – triangular trade Raw Materials

2. African Imports Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas. New food products – corn and peanuts.

3. 41. What were the roles of the Commercial Revolution and mercantilism in the growth of European nations? Competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. Mercantilism evolved.

4. Mercantilism – economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Favorable balance of trade

5. Colonial needs were limited due to the needs of the mother country. 42. What were some of the new theories and discoveries during the Scientific Revolution? Copernicus –Heliocentric Theory

6. Kepler - Planetary motion (elliptical) Galileo - Used telescope to prove Heliocentric Theory Newton - Laws of Gravity

7. Harvey -Circulation of the blood 43. Importance of Scientific Revolution? Emphasis on reason and observation of nature Formulation of the scientific method

8. Expansion of scientific knowledge 44. What are absolute monarchs? Concept of rule by divine right 45. Who were the absolute monarchs? Louis XIV – France

9. Palace of Versailles to show royal power Frederick the Great - Prussia Emphasis on military power

10. Peter the Great - Russia Westernization of Russia Petersburg

11. 46. Development of the Rights of Englishmen? Oliver Cromwell - as a general helped the Puritans. He abolished the monarchy and established a commonwealth and ruled as a military dictator until his death.

12. Charles I executed for treason. Restoration of Charles II. Was asked to come and rule after the death of Cromwell (Age of Restoration)

13. Glorious Revolution, the overthrow of King James II, put William and Mary into power together. Increase in Parliamentary power over royal power

14. English Bill of Rights 1689 limited the powers of the monarch. Many of the monarchs items had to go through Parliament. William and Mary signed it.

15. 47. Who were the Enlightenment thinkers and what were their ideas? Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan – the state must have control to manage behavior

16. John Locke - Two Treatises of Government - People are sovereign and monarchs are not divine. Montesquieu - The Spirit of Laws – Best form of government includes a separation of powers and checks and balances.

17. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Social Contract – Government is in contract between rulers and the people.

18. Voltaire - Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism. Needs to be a separation between church and state

19. 49. How did the Enlightenment impact the American colonies? Fueled revolutions in the Americas and France. Thomas Jefferson incorporated Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence. (John Locke)

20. Constitution of the U.S. and the Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas. 50. What contributed to the causes of the French Revolution? Influence of the Enlightenment ideas Influence of the American Revolution We the people...

21. Storming the Bastille - a French prison stormed by peasants to get gun powder. Reign of Terror – the period of time when Robespierre ruled France as a dictator and executed over 3,000 people, including Marie Antionette

22. End of absolute monarchy – Louis XVI, executed at the guillotine. Rise of Napoleon

23. 51. How did the French and American Revolutions influence the fight for independence in Latin America? French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies fight for independence the the help of:

24. Toussaint L’Ouverture - Haiti Simon Bolivar – South America

25. 52. Who were some artists, philosophers, and writers of the 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th century? Johann Sebastian Bach – Composer Baroque Era Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Composer Classical Era

26. Test Your Knowledge 1.Who was responsible for the Reign of Terror? A. Napoleon B. Robespierre C. Louis XVI

27. 2.An economic system in which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by selling more goods than they purchased? A. Mercantilism B. Capitalism C. Marxism

28. 3.Who was responsible for the Heliocentric Theory and got him in trouble with the Catholic Church? A. Kepler B. Newton C. Copernicus

29. 4.Who showed his royal power by building the Palace of Versailles? A. Napoleon B. Frederick the Great C. Louis XIV

30. 5.Who was put into power during the Glorious Revolution? A. William and Mary B. Robespierre C. Charles I

31. 6.Who wrote the Leviathan, which state that the state needed to maintain control? A. John Locke B. Thomas Hobbs C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

32. 7.Which of the following documents did not incorporate the Enlightenment ideas? A. Constitution B. Bill of Rights C. Social Contract

33. 8.Who stated that religious tolerance should triumph over religious fanaticism and there should be a separation between church and state? A. Locke B. Voltaire C. Hobbs

34. 9.Who headed the revolt in Haiti? A. L’Ouverture B. Bolivar C. Napoleon

35. 10.Which of the following was not a composer? A. Bolivar B. Bach C. Mozart

36. Eugene Delacroix – Painter (Romantic Portraits) Voltaire - Philosopher Miguel de Cervantes – Novelist (Don Quixote)

37. 53. What technologies improved during the 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th century? All weather roads improved year-round transport and trade. New design in farm tools increased productivity. *Agricultural Revolution

38. Improvements in ship design lowered cost of transport. 54. What was the legacy of Napoleon? Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination.

39. Napoleonic Code – a comprehensive and uniformed set of laws established by Napoleon for France. Awakened feeling of national pride and growth of nationalism.

40. 55. What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna? “Balance of power” doctrine Restoration of monarchies

41. New political map of Europe New political philosophies: liberalism – European middle- class business leaders who believed that the elected parliament should have more political power.

42. conservatism- European landowners who believed that the traditional monarchies should be preserved.

43. 56. How did nationalism and democracy influence national revolution? National pride, Economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism.

44. The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tension.

45. In contrast to continental Europe, Great Britain expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire. 57. What events led to the unification of Italy? Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.

46. Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy. The Papal States, including Rome, became the last to join Italy.

47. 58. What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany? Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.

48. The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state. Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

49. 59. Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England? Because of its natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine.

50. Spread to Europe and the United States Industries: cotton textiles, iron, and steel

51. British Enclosure Movement 1. Landowners experimented with new agricultural method. 60. Why did the spread of industry to Europe and the U.S. accelerate colonialism and imperialism?

52. 2. Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to the city.

53. Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world.

54. 61. Who were some of the people involved in the advancement in the Industrial Revolution? James Watt – Steam Engine

55. Eli Whitney – Cotton gin

56. Henry Bessemer – process of making steel by purifying iron ore

57. 62. How did the Industrial Revolution produce changes in culture and society? Population increase Standards of living had improved some. Improved transportation

58. Urbanization Environmental pollution Education improved Works dissatisfied with poor working conditions Growth of the middle class

59. Edward Jenner – Developed smallpox vaccination 63. Who made advancements in science and medicine? Louis Pasteur – Discovered bacteria and rabies vaccine

60. 64. What was the role of capitalism and market competition in the Industrial Revolution? Capitalism – an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business to make a profit.

61. Dissatisfaction with the unequal distribution of wealth. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations.

62. 65. What were some theories opposed to capitalism? Socialism – An economic system where the productions are owned by the public and to benefit all.

63. Communism – an economic system where all means of production are owned by the people. Private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally.

64. Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto, was co-written with Friedrich Engels, and he wrote Das Capital by himself. Respond to the injustice of capitalism. Importance of redistribution of wealth to the communists

65. 66. How did the Industrial Revolution impact the lives of women, children, and the family? Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system.

66. Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages. Child labor kept costs of production low and profits high.

67. Mines and factory owners has a great deal of control over their laborers.

68. 67. How did the Industrial Revolution affect slavery? The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations. Overtime, the U.S. and Britain outlawed slave trade and then slavery.

69. 68. What were the social effects of the Industrial Revolution? Introduction of reforms to end child labor. Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor.

70. Women’s increased demands for suffrage – the right to vote. Expansion of education.

71. Test Your Knowledge 1.What invention increased the demand for slave labor in the Americas? A. Printing Press B. Cotton Gin C. Silk

72. 2.Miguel de Cervantes is best known as A. A novelist who wrote Don Quixote B. A painter whose main theme was Romance C. A count who unified Italy

73. 3. Cavour is best known for A. joining southern Italy to northern Italy B. his painting whose main theme was Romance C. unifying Italy as a Count

74. 4. The Congress of Vienna did all of the following except? A. Attempt to restore Monarch to power B. Led to widespread discontent in Europe C. Put Garibaldi in power

75. 5. Which of the following did not stimulate the growth of Nationalism? A. Democratic Ideas B. National Pride C. Communist Aggression D. Economic Competition

76. 6. Who led Prussia in the unification of Germany? A. Kaiser Wilhelm B. Otto Von Bismarck C. Adolph Hitler D. Frederick the Great

77. 7. What term means “justify all means to achieve and hold power”? A. Socialism B. Realpolitik C. Marxism

78. 8. Who invented the process of making steel? A. James Watt B. Eli Whitney C. Henry Bessemer

79. 9. Who developed the smallpox vaccination? A. Edward Jenner B. Louis Pasteur C. James Watt

80. 10. Who wrote the Wealth of Nations? A. John Adams B. Karl Marx C. Adam Smith

81. 11.An economic system based on private ownership to make a profit? A. Communism B. Capitalism C. Marxism

82. 12.Who wrote Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels? A. Otto Von Bismarck B. Joseph Stalin C. Karl Marx D. Johan Gutenberg