2. I. Fish

3. A. Fish are cold-blooded 1. cold-blooded: body temperature changes with the air or water around it. 2. When air or water is cold, fish body temperature gets cold 3. When air or water is warm, fish body temperature gets warm.

4. B. Most fish have a skeleton made of bone. 1.Sharks and stingray have skeleton made of cartilage. 2.Cartilage: soft, bone-like material that bends.

5. C. Most fish have fins and scales. 1. fin: structure on a fish that helps it move through water. 2. scales: flat bony structure that cover the body of a fish and protect it.

6. D. How fish breathe 1. Water enters fish’s mouth. 1. Water enters fish’s mouth. 2. water flows over gills. 2. water flows over gills. 3. Fish take in oxygen from the water through their gills. 3. Fish take in oxygen from the water through their gills. a. Gills: thin feathery structures filled with blood. a. Gills: thin feathery structures filled with blood. b. Gills are used for breathing. b. Gills are used for breathing. 4. blood in gills picks up waste from fish’s body (carbon dioxide). 4. blood in gills picks up waste from fish’s body (carbon dioxide). 5. Carbon dioxide leaves body through gills. 5. Carbon dioxide leaves body through gills.

7. E. Fish are found in fresh water and salt water.

8. F. Fish are a major source of food for most people.

9. II. Amphibians

10. A. Physical characteristics 1. cold blooded 1. cold blooded 2. body is moist and slimy 2. body is moist and slimy 3. lay eggs 3. lay eggs 4. frogs, toads, salamanders 4. frogs, toads, salamanders B. Live part of life in water and part on land. land. 1. return to water to lay eggs 1. return to water to lay eggs 2. bullfrogs and mudpuppies live 2. bullfrogs and mudpuppies live in water whole life. in water whole life.

11. C.Most adult amphibians breathe with lungs. lungs. 1. Exception: mudpuppies 1. Exception: mudpuppies 2. lungs: organs through which 2. lungs: organs through which animals get oxygen through air animals get oxygen through air 3. can also get oxygen through skin 3. can also get oxygen through skin

12. D.Amphibian Life cycle (Metamorphosis) 1. has several stages 1. has several stages 2. Example: frog 2. Example: frog a. frog lays eggs in water a. frog lays eggs in water b. tadpoles hatch from eggs b. tadpoles hatch from eggs 1. Have gills 1. Have gills 2. Live in water 2. Live in water c. tadpole grows a tail c. tadpole grows a tail d. back and front legs form, and tail d. back and front legs form, and tail begins to shrink begins to shrink e. develops lungs and live on land e. develops lungs and live on land

13. III. Reptiles

14. A. Physical Characteristics 1. cold-blooded 1. cold-blooded 2. lungs 2. lungs 3. dry skin 3. dry skin 4. Live on land 4. Live on land 5. Lay eggs 5. Lay eggs a. Lay eggs on land a. Lay eggs on land b. Eggs have tough, leathery outer b. Eggs have tough, leathery outer covering covering 6. Some give birth to live young 6. Some give birth to live young

15. B.There are four main groups of Reptiles 1. Crocodilians 1. Crocodilians a. alligators and crocodiles a. alligators and crocodiles b. large and 4 legged b. large and 4 legged c. color and shape of snout are used to tell them apart c. color and shape of snout are used to tell them apart 1. Crocodiles: green and gray 1. Crocodiles: green and gray with slender snout with slender snout 2. Alligators: gray and black with 2. Alligators: gray and black with wider snout wider snout

16. 2. Snakes 2. Snakes a a. Largest group of reptiles b. No legs c. Covered with scales d. Can separate lower jaw from upper jaw to swallow food whole e. Teeth curve inward to trap prey

17. 3. Lizards 3. Lizards a. Live in deserts and other hot, a. Live in deserts and other hot, dry areas dry areas b. Body covered with scales b. Body covered with scales c. Toes have claws on them c. Toes have claws on them d. Chameleons: change color d. Chameleons: change color

18. 4. Turtles 4. Turtles a. Have a hard shell for protection a. Have a hard shell for protection b. Some live on land b. Some live on land c. Some live in water c. Some live in water

19. IV. Birds

20. A. Characteristics of birds 1. Birds are warm-blooded a. Body temperature stays the same b. when air or water temperature changes, body temp. will not change with it.

21. 2. breathe with lungs 3. lay eggs 4. have wings and feathers a. Use wings to fly b. penguins and ostriches do not fly 5. live on land, in trees, and on water

22. B. Bones and feathers 1. bones are hollow and light 2. feathers have a hollow, but strong shaft in center 3. molting: loss of feathers

23. C.Feathers help birds fly, and also keep birds warm. 1. fluff their feathers to allow warm air pockets in between them 2. down feathers: small, fluffy feathers that provide warmth by trapping warm air inside.

24. D. What birds eat 1. need a lot of energy because flying is hard work. 2. eat a variety of foods a. Depends on habitat and beak type b. Some examples: Seeds, plants, nuts, oysters, fish

25. E. Nests 1. wide variety 1. wide variety 2. Made of twigs, leaves, and feathers 2. Made of twigs, leaves, and feathers 3. Found in trees, on ground, or under rotting leaves 3. Found in trees, on ground, or under rotting leaves

26. F. Some birds can be harmful 1. carry diseases 1. carry diseases 2. can harm buildings 2. can harm buildings

27. V. Mammals A. Main characteristics of Mammals A. Main characteristics of Mammals 1. most complex 1. most complex 2. warm-blooded 2. warm-blooded 3. covered with fur or hair 3. covered with fur or hair 4. produce milk for their young 4. produce milk for their young B. Mammals can differ from each other B. Mammals can differ from each other 1. most live on land, some in water (whales and dolphins) 1. most live on land, some in water (whales and dolphins) 2. great differences in size 2. great differences in size

28. C. Young develop inside mother’s body 1.Some mammals produce a large number of young at the same time. a. Mice: 8-10 b. Elephants: 1 c. The larger the mammal, the less young it produces at the same time.

29. 2. Gestation Period: The amount of time it takes for the young to develop inside its mother’s body. a. The larger the mammal, the longer it takes. b. Hamster: 16 days c. Giraffe: 442 days d. Dog: 63 days

30. 3.Marsupials a. not fully formed when born b. continue to grow inside mother’s pouch b. continue to grow inside mother’s pouch c. examples: kangaroo and opossum c. examples: kangaroo and opossum D.Some mammals are important to people 1. food 1. food a. Cattle, pigs, and sheep: meat a. Cattle, pigs, and sheep: meat b. Milk from cows: cheese, cream, butter b. Milk from cows: cheese, cream, butter 2. mammal skins produce leather 2. mammal skins produce leather

31. E.Some mammals can be harmful 1. rats spread disease 1. rats spread disease 2. animals eat food supplies 2. animals eat food supplies