1. Philosophical Chairs

2. How It Works As they enter class, hand students an article to read on a controversial topic.

3. The Theory Behind It For effective learning to occur, students must become aware of their own (mis) conceptions about a topic. Student "errors" should be illuminated rather than avoided and "contradictions" explored rather than ignored. Students can resolve inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes by exposure to alternative perspectives or errors in thinking.

4. How It Works The topic should elicit a mixed response. Some people agree whole-heartedly while others vehemently disagree with the premise for many reasons. Still others will reserve judgment until or unless they hear something to persuade them one way or the other.

5. How It Works The Moderator Job is to insure everyone gets a chance to speak. May be the teacher or a student. They should allow participants to address a statement made by a particular person Be careful that the "pros," "cons," and "questions" are equally represented Make sure the discussion is not dominated by a few eager students.

6. Statement should be written on the board The mediator must be neutral When necessary, mediator paraphrases or restates statements for clarification (in an unbiased manner) Modify the statement or switch topics when discussion becomes stagnant For closure, allow each student thirty seconds to express an opinion Assign a writing activity for follow-up Tips

7. How Inner Circle Works Inform students that they will have a chance to argue the merits of the topic and will be seated according to their views. Opposing views facing each other.

8. 1.Be open-minded. Listen to all statements made and consider both sides. 2. Move to the other side if a particular statement or argument seems to sway your thinking. Experience the "other side." 3.No one acknowledges any move. This is not a team game. 4.Do not raise hands or speak while another person is speaking Outer Circle Rules Rules

9. Acceptable Outer Circle Participation For agreement: Closed Fist Nod “ “ Silent Applause “ “ Standing Ovation with silent applause or closed fist nod. For disagreement: Ask question on notecard and give to the moderator.

10. How Outer Circle Works Students move about the room during the discussion, similar to a game of musical chairs. Participants can symbolize their willingness to adopt a different point of view — even if temporarily by —assuming a new location and providing silent agreement hand symbols. To insure that audience “thinks deeply” outer circle should be seen moving.

11. Outer Circle Seating –Sitting on the side facing chairs indicates one's total support of the topic. –Sitting at the other side signals a student’s total disagreement. –Students who have undecided views or have questions to ask stand in the corners of the room.

12. Closure: Outer circle completes 5-Star for Debate for the “Team,” and the Audience Notes. Inner Circle completes the 5-Star for “themselves,” and the Audience Notes.