2. Human Globetrotting as a Human Right? “Migration is not a criminal act. It’s a universal right: the right to seek work and the right to travel freely from one place to another.” –Jose Luis Gutierrez, Mayor of Ecatepec, Mexico, quoted in L.A. Times, Jan 31, 2008.

3. Questions to Consider? Why does the notion of “migration as a right” work differently for certain immigrants? What’s the essential difference between soldiers of fortune, explorers, captains of industry, pilgrims, adventurers, or royalists who were given charters by the English Crown versus, e.g., Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese immigrants?

4. Immigration in the 20s and 30s Rebirth of kkk Fear of radicalism Eugenic aesthetic Sacco and Vanzetti Immigration Restriction Leagues Immigration Restriction Act 1921/1924 Ellis Island Myth (regarding ports of entry) The Mexican American and Filipino American Experience

5. Economic Anxiety of late ‘20s and ‘30s leads to increased Nativist Resentment and Resurgence of the KKK Focus traditionally on African Americans but extends violence to include Radicals Feminists Catholics Jews Immigrants (foreigners in general)

6. Fear of Political Radicalism

7. Sacco and Vanzetti – Intersection of the fear of radicalism, anti-immigration sentiment, and eugenics (characterizes Italians as dysgenic) Recall Espionage and Sedition Acts A. Mitchell Palmer’s house is bombed

8. Used in congressional hearing in 1921 and 1924 Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (1916) Carl Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (1924)

9. Immigration Restriction and Other Eugenicists: Prescott Hall, Charles Davenport, Harry Laughlin

10. Immigration Restriction Results in 1921 Emergency Quota Act – 3% of number of foreign born according to 1910 Census, which results accepting ca. 55% from Northern and Western Europe and ca. 45% from other nations (As of 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone excludes all Asians from migrating except for Filipinos and Japanese) 1924 Immigration Restriction Act (Johnson-Reed Act) informed by Eugenics results in 2% of foreign born according to 1890 Census, which was before the arrival of the bulk of S. and E. Europeans. (Leads to 85% N/W European migration). Excludes all Asians except Filipinos.

11. Lady Liberty

12. Ellis Island North

13. Castle Garden, Battery Park, NY 1830-1892

14. El Paso, Texas

15. Angel Island, 1910

16. Key Periods in Mexican American History Pre-1848 After Mexican-American War 1846-48 Mexican Revolution 1910 WWI/Depression Years and Repatriation WWII and Mexican American Generation Bracero Program 1942

17. Key Periods in Mexican History Pre 1848: Mexican Independence (Victoria, Guerro, Herrera) U.S. surplus investment builds infrastructure; displaces local economy; helps to create workers on the move (COMING and GOING)) After Mexican-American War 1846-48: low immigration; Gold Rush Displaces local Californios and Mexicans; foreign miner’s tax; massive shift in ethnic population from Spanish-speaking peoples to Anglo; Homestead Act, 1862 disregards Mexican land grants (LEAVING) Porfiriato 1870s;1880s modernization (COMING AND GOING) Mexican Revolution 1910: increased immigration along side self- repatriation after Revolution (COMING AND GOING) WWI: need for labor; many self-repatriate due to conscription (COMING AND GOING) Depression: Severe econ. Situation; Official repatriation 1929-31 (GO) WWII: need for labor (COME) Bracero Program 1942-1964 1950s: (Go); 1960s and ‘70s (COME); 1980s (COME) w/ 2 million receiving Amnesty; 1990s (COME/ US policy NAFTA) (GO/Public Sentiment);21 st : (GO)

18. Migration and Web of Industrial Capitalism

19. Mexican Repatriation, 1929, LA Union Station

20. Filipino Pensionados

21. First Wave, 1903-1934; Pinoys

22. Filipino Cannery Union, 1930s – “Alaskeros”