1. Ancient Greek Civilizations & Empire

2. Minoans Around 2700 – 1450 BC Before 1890, earliest Greek civilizations were thought to be mythical. Around 1900, Arthur Evans discovers the palace at Knossos on the island of Crete.

3. Palace at Knossos

6. Minoan Art

7. Theseus & the Minotaur

8. Theseus killed the Minotaur…...or did he???

9. Minoan civilization declines and eventually disappears. Possibly severely crippled by a natural disaster. Probably conquered by the Mycenaeans, the Greek civilization most known for the Trojan War.

10. Mycenaean around 1600 – 1100 bc Came from the north to settle in Greece. Bronze-Age people (better weapons) Spread out and lived in fortified centers with a king dictating the peoples’ lives. Warrior-people

11. Trojan War Around 1250 bc

13. Greek Dark Ages Around 1100 – 750 bc Civilizations decline due to poor agricultural conditions and migrations.

14. Age of Homer There is no written history of ancient Greece. Greeks got their history from the epic poems of Homer: The Iliad and the Odyssey. These were written around 750 B.C.

16. Achilles

17. Homer did not write history as much as he created it. In doing so he defined Greek Perceived History Identity Values

18. Arete Heroes represented and displayed Greek values. Villains represented and displayed Greek vices.

19. Role of Mythology Does mythology exist in our modern culture? *

25. What values do we define ourselves by today?

26. Greek Colonies Between 750 and 550 B.C., many Greeks migrated to foreign lands because they desired: –Better Farmland –Growth in Trade

27. Age of Tyrants As colonies grew, wealthier men gained the power. However, tyrants were supported by both the rich and the poor in order to challenge the power that the wealthy aristocrats had gained. As tyranny fades out, other forms of government are able to move in.

28. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Greeks lived in scattered kingdoms. During the Greek Dark Ages, Greeks reverted back to tribal units…some sedentary, others nomadic. After the Greek Dark Ages, Greeks formed into local city-states (polis). Smaller in size Allowed for greater participation

29. Many city-states arose on the Greek mainland and islands The Greek City-States

30. Greeks called themselves Hellenes. They had the same ethnic background, shared the same customs, and spoke the same language. However, their city-states preferred to remain independent. The Greek City-States

31. Two Powerful City-States Sparta Athens These two powerful city-states constantly rivaled each other

32. Sparta Military and physical fitness valued above all else Art - No self expression

33. Direct Democracy: rule by the people, carried out through direct participation in government (male citizens over age of 20) The center Greek culture, Athens became an empire in the 5 th Century BC. Athens Personal and political liberty and intellectual education valued above all else

34. Persian Wars 497-479 BC As the Greeks expanded into Southwest Asia, they came into conflict with the Persian Empire. Persian Empire Greece

35. Battle of Marathon Athenians are greatly outnumbered by the Persians and seek help from Sparta. Sparta refuses to come to their aid because they are celebrating a religious festival. Thus, Athens creates a military strategy. Battle of Marathon 490 BC Persians march toward Greeks in tight formation Greeks split ranks and surround Persians causing them to panic and break formation.

36. Pheidippides was ordered to run back to Athens to give word of the Persian defeat. When he arrived, he yelled out “Nike!” which means victory. Then he died. Myth of Pheidippides

37. For the 1896 Olympics, the first modern Games, organizers wanted an event to celebrate Greek history. They added a race called the marathon, which was the distance between the ancient cities of Marathon and Athens – roughly 26 miles. Myth of Pheidippides

38. The Persians invaded Greece once again, but a small band of soldiers led by 300 Spartans held their ground at a small mountain pass at Thermopylae against a massive Persian army known as The Immortals because of their sheer size. Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

39. The Spartans were betrayed by a Greek resident who told the Persians of a secret path around them and the 300 were eventually defeated. However, their actions held the Persians back long enough for other Greek forces to arrive and defeat the Persians for good. Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC

40. To defend itself against future attacks from Persia, Athens formed an alliance of Greek city-states, known as the Delian League. This alliance, however, controlled by Athens became an empire, which upset their longtime rival, Sparta. In 431 BC, Sparta attacked Athens, starting the Peloponnesian War. By 404 BC, Athens was defeated and Sparta gained control of Greece. The Delian League

41. In the next century, Athens would make a great recovery and restore it’s empire. During this time, some of the great Greek thinkers lived.

42. Socrates 470-399 BC The unexamined life is not worth living. Knowledge flows from moral prinicpals The Socratic Method – questioning to gain understanding

43. Socratic Method and Scientific Method Socratic MethodScientific Method 1. Wonder. Pose a question (of the "What is X ?" form). 1. Wonder. Pose a question. 2. Hypothesis. Suggest a plausible answer (a definition or definiens) from which some conceptually testable hypothetical propositions can be deduced. 2. Hypothesis. Suggest a plausible answer (a theory) from which some empirically testable hypothetical propositions can be deduced. 3. Elenchus ; "testing," "refutation," or "cross-examination." Perform a thought experiment by imagining a case which conforms to the definiens but clearly fails to exemplify the definiendum, or vice versa. Such cases, if successful, are called counterexamples. If a counterexample is generated, return to step 2, otherwise go to step 4. 3. Testing. Construct and perform an experiment which makes it possible to observe whether the consequences specified in one or more of those hypothetical propositions actually follow when the conditions specified in the same proposition(s) pertain. If the experiment fails, return to step 2, otherwise go to step 4. 4. Accept the hypothesis as provisionally true. Return to step 3 if you can conceive any other case which may show the answer to be defective. 4. Accept the hypothesis as provisionally true. Return to step 3 if there other predictable consequences of the theory which have not been experimentally confirmed. 5. Act accordingly. Copyright © 1996, James Dye Last Updated 8 January, 1996

44. Socrates’ teachings ridiculed the ruling classes in Athens, challenged Athenian supremacy, and refused recognition of the Greek gods. This made him many enemies and he was put on trial and ultimately executed by being forced to drink hemlock.

45. Plato 427-347 BC Student of Socrates Wrote The Republic - Ideal government where elite philosopher kings ruled the people. Wanted to determine truth behind appearances

49. Aristotle 384-322 BC Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great Everything has a telos (purpose) Observation of fact More practical than theoretical Origins of Scientific Method

50. Influenced American founding fathers with ideas on republican government and mixed branches that provided a system of checks and balances Signing of the United States Constitution 178

51. Macedonian Invasion In 338 BC, the Greeks were invaded by a powerful kingdom just north of them in Macedonia, whose leader was Philip. Two years later, Philip was assassinated and his son came to power.

52. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great inherited his father’s powerful army and used it to expand his empire. He conquered the Persian Empire and set his sights further east to India, where he was finally stopped. He planned to conquer Arabia but died of malaria before he could carry out his plans.

53. Hellenism The lasting legacy of Alexander the Great was not the land that he conquered, but the culture that he spread. Alexander was educated by Greek teachers and carried Greek ideas and culture with him where ever he went. He encouraged his troops to inter-marry with foreign people that they conquered. Thus, a cultural transfusion took place that carried Greek culture, called Hellenism, far beyond the shores of Greece, and this influenced many foreign cultures. Hellenistic culture has influenced Western civilization more than any other culture. Where do we see these influences today?

54. Architecture The Parthenon: built 438-432 BC Federal Hall in NYC: built 1700 AD

55. Art Focused on simplicity and realism, but desired the most idealistic forms of the body.

56. Athletics Established the first Olympic games in 776 BC.

57. History Since the end of Pre-Historic times, men had been recording chronicles, legends, and myths, but there is a difference between story- telling and unbiased, nonjudgmental history based strictly on facts. Herodotus: “Father of History”

58. Medicine Looked to natural causes of sickness and injury, and distinguished medicine as an independent field of study. Famous for “Hippocratic Oath,” which most medical professionals still swear to in one form or another. Hippocrates: “Father of Medicine” “First, do no harm”

59. Science Greeks contributed greatly to pure sciences like Mathematics and Logic, but were also the inventors of the field of Science, in general. Pythagorean Theorem

60. Drama & theatre The ancient Greeks invented Tragedy, Comedy, Drama, and Theatre. Hollywood Bowl – Los Angeles Theatre of Dionysus – Athens

61. Philosophy The Greeks invented the field of Philosophy, which literally means “love of wisdom.” They were the first to search for natural explanations concerning the world around them instead of resorting to supernatural explanations.