1. Acid Rain - Definition "Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) resulting from fossil fuel combustion.sulfur dioxide (SO2)nitrogen oxides (NOx)

2. Acid Rain

3. Where to go to find out the effects of Acid Rain http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surfac e_water.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surfac e_water.html

4. Thermal Inversion A thermal inversion is where cool air is trapped by warm, resulting an extremely stagnant pocket of air at the earth's surface. Thermal inversions are usually most pronounced in valleys and low- lying areas. Thermal inversions occur when there is 1) a large temperature variation (25F and 30F degrees) between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures; 2) clear skies and calm winds at night. This allows the surface air to cool more rapidly than the surrounding air which traps or caps the surface air.

5. Thermal Inversion

6. Effects of Temperature Inversion The warm air above cooler air acts like a lid, suppressing vertical mixing and trapping the cooler air at the surface. As pollutants from vehicles, fireplaces, and industry are emitted into the air, the inversion traps these pollutants near the ground, leading to poor air quality. The strength and duration of the inversion will control air quality levels near the ground.

7. Ozone Depletion Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone can be "good" or "bad" for people's health and for the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere.

8. Stratospheric Ozone The stratosphere, or "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This natural shield has been gradually depleted by man-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). A depleted ozone shield allows more UV radiation to reach the ground, leading to more cases of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health and environmental problems.

9. CFCs A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12 or Freon-12). Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. The manufacture of such compounds has been phased out by the Montreal Protocol because they contribute to ozone depletion.organic compoundcarbonchlorine fluorinevolatile methaneethanedichlorodifluoromethanerefrigerants Montreal Protocol ozone depletion

10. Water Pollution Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. The sources of water pollution are categorized as being a point source or a non-source point of pollution. Point sources of pollution occur when the polluting substance is emitted directly into the waterway. A pipe spewing toxic chemicals directly into a river is an example. A non-point source occurs when there is runoff of pollutants into a waterway, for instance when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by surface runoff.

11. Types of Water Pollution Toxic substances – herbicides, insecticides, pesticides, industrial compounds Organic Matter – leads to eutrophication Thermal Pollution – from industry Ecological Pollution – comes from a natural source (volcano, hurricane, etc)

12. Salinization Salinization is a process that results from: High levels of salt in soils Movement of the water table that increases salt in the water and in turn the soil Drought Land clearing, aquaculture, salting of icy roads irrigation

13. Deforestation Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.

14. Effects of Deforestation Global warming – lack of trees to absorb carbon dioxide Reduction of atmospheric water because tree roots can not absorb water and transpire it into the atmosphere Soil Erosion Reduced biodiversity Loss of habitat

15. Air Pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. chemicalsparticulate matterbiological materialsnatural environmentbuilt environmentatmosphere

16. Causes of air pollution Sulfur oxides Nitrous oxides Particulate matter VOC – volatile organic compounds Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide Toxic metals CFCs Ground level ozone

17. Effects of Air Pollution Health Effects – cardiopulmonary disease Asthma Destruction of buildings Acid rain Water pollution