Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 4.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 4."— Presentation transcript:

1 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 4

2 CHAPTER OUTLINE Organ System Terminology (cont.) Terminology Nervous
Skeletal Female Reproductive Male Reproductive Respiratory Urinary Senses (Hearing, Sight) Drug Classifications Medical Abbreviations Review Terminology Prefixes Suffixes Organ System Terminology Cardiovascular Endocrine Gastrointestinal Integumentary Lymph and Blood Muscular

3 ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL SCIENCE WORD ‘BASIC’
Medical science terminology is made up of combinations of root words prefixes suffixes combining vowels e.g. periodontic = peri (prefix, meaning “around”) + o (combining vowel) + dont (root word, meaning “teeth”) + ic (suffix, meaning “pertaining to”) Root words originate from either Greek or Latin. Greek – diagnosis and surgery Latin – anatomy

4 Word Root Main part or foundation of a word.
Identify what part of the body a term is related to. All words have at least one word root. A word root may be used alone or be combined with other elements to form a complete word. e.g. Gastr (word root) + itis (suffix) = GASTRITIS (complete word).

5 ROOT WORDS - EXAMPLES card heart cyst bladder gastr stomach
hemat blood hepat liver my muscle pector chest neur nerve pneumon lung ocul eye derma skin ven vein mast breast oste bone nephr kidney ot ear

6 PREFIXES Added before a word root or suffix to alter its meaning
hyper = excessive hyper/tension = high blood pressure an = without an/orexia = without appetite post = after post/partum = after child birth dys = painful, difficult dys/phas/ia = difficulty in speaking

7 SUFFIXES Added to the end of a word root or combining vowel to modify its meaning -al = pertaining to dent/al = pertaining to teeth -itis = inflammation gastr/itis = inflammation of the stomach -oma = tumor melan/oma = black tumor

8 COMBINING VOWELS Sometimes a CV is added to make the pronunciation of medical words easier. Sometimes a CV is added to connect different word parts together. “O” is the most common combining vowel.

9 Combining Forms Correct pronunciation of medical words is very important. In order to make the pronunciation of root words easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root. The combination of a root word and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM. “O” is the most common combining vowels e.g. gastr/o

10 Combining Words When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other. e.g. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ it is root word/combining vowel/root word/suffix

11 prefix/root word/suffix
Hypoinsulinemia Hypo / insulin / emia prefix/root word/suffix Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.

12 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system distributes blood throughout the body using blood vessels called arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries waste products away from them. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by producing antibodies.

13 CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system. Blood pressure is reported in a two number sequence (systole/diastole, e.g., 120/80). Systolic phase is the increased pressure when blood is forced out of the heart. Diastolic phase is the decreased pressure when the heart is not forcing blood out of the heart. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. . Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

14 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ROOT
aneur widening angi vessel aort aorta arter artery ather plaque card heart cyte cell embol embolus oxy oxygen pector chest phleb vein stenosis narrowing thromb clot vas(cu) blood vessel ven vein

15 Cardiovascular System
Cardiomyopathy = disease of the heart muscle Myocardial = concerning heart muscle Tachycardia = abnormal rapid heart action Phlebitis = inflammation of a vein Thrombosis = blood clot Hypertension = high blood pressure

16 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that assist in regulating body functions. Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes). Pituitary gland: produces multiple hormones and is located at the base of the brain. It controls the body’s growth and the activity of the other glands. Thyroid gland: located just below the larynx and releases hormones important for regulating body metabolism.

17 The Endocrine System Cont.
Parathyroid glands: located on the thyroid gland. Thymus gland: located beneath the sternum. Pancreas: known for its production of insulin and glucagon. Adrenal glands: located on top of the kidneys and produce such hormones as aldosterone, cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and estrogens. Medulla region: adrenal glands produce the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

18 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ROOT aden gland adrena adrenal crine to secrete
glyc sugar lipid fat myx mucus nephr kidney pancreat pancreas plas development somat body tetan tetanus thym thymus thyroid thyroid

19 Endocrine System Hyperlipidemia = high fat/lipids in the blood.
Hypothyroidism = a deficiency of thyroid hormone.

20 GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
Contains the organs that are involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrients Organs include the stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas. Several organs contribute to the digestion of foods by secreting enzymes into the small intestine when food is present. Ducts hepatic duct – from liver to duodenum cystic duct – from gallbladder to duodenum

21 GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
Not the same as the alimentary tract alimentary tract goes from the mouth to the anus It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus, in addition to the GI tract.

22 GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT ROOT
hepat liver herni hernia lapar abdomen orexia appetite pancreat pancreas pepsia digestion phag swallow chol bile col colon duoden duodenum enter intestine esophag esophagus gastr stomach hemat blood

23 Gastrointestinal Tract
Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrients Gastritis = inflammation of the stomach Gastroenteritis = inflammation of the stomach and the intestines Hepatitis = inflammation of the liver Appendicitis = inflammation of the appendix Colitis = inflamed or irritable part of the intestinal tract called the colon Hematemesis = vomiting of blood Diarrhea = liquid bowel movement

24 Alimentary Tract chol = bile col = colon duoden =duodenum
enter = intestine esophag = esophagus gastr = stomach hepat = liver lapar = abdomen pancreat = pancreas

25 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards. Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation. It includes the skin, hair, and nails. Hair is made of keratinized cells. Finger nails and toenails are also composed of keratin. The mammary glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the integumentary system. The skin is composed of the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair. The subcutaneous layer of tissue is beneath the dermis but is closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other organs

26 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ROOT
adip fat cutane skin derm(at) skin hist tissue kerat hard mast breast melan black necr death (of cells, etc.) onych nail

27 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Dermatitis = skin inflammation
Erythrodemra = abnormal redness of skin Lactation = secretion of milk Mastectomy = surgical removal of breast Onychomycosis = fungal infection of nails Pachyderma = abnormal thickness of skin Subcutaneous = beneath the skin Transdermal = through the skin

28 LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEM The lymphatic system is responsible, through its lymph nodes, for collecting, filtering, and returning plasma water leaving the blood vessels. center of the body’s immune system thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are outside the network Spleen - responsible for removing old red blood cells from circulation Lymphocytes – a type of white blood cells that attack bacteria and disease cells by releasing antibodies

29 LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEMS ROOT
aden gland bacter bacteria cyt cell hemat blood hemo blood leuk white lymph lymph phleb vein splen spleen sepsis to putrefy thromb clot thym thymus

30 The Lymphatic System Adenopathy = lymph node disease
Hematoma = a collection of clotted blood Hemophilia = a disease in which the blood does not clot normally Lymphoma = lymphatic system tumor

31 MUSCULAR SYSTEM Word muscles comes from mus=mouse; cle=little and resembles a mouse moving under a cover. Muscles give shape and movement to the body. more than 600 muscles made up of fibers and attached to bones by tendons Voluntary muscles - action controlled consciously Involuntary muscles - operate automatically Agonist muscles - produce an flexor movement Antagonist muscles - contract or bring limb back to original position

32 MUSCULAR SYSTEM ROOT burs bursa chondr cartilage my muscle fibr fiber
rhabdo rod tendin tendon Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

33 The Muscular System Fibromyalgia = chronic pain in the muscles
Myoplasty = plastic surgery of muscle tissue Tendinitis = inflammation of a tendon

34 NERVOUS SYSTEM The neuron is the basic functional unit.
The brain has over 100 billion neurons. Central nervous system (CNS) – brain & spinal cord Peripheral nervous system – branches from spinal cord autonomic nervous system controls the automatic functions of the body somatic nervous system controls the voluntary actions of the body. Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

35 NERVOUS SYSTEM ROOT myel spinal cord alges pain neur nerve
phas speech psycho mind somat body alges pain cerebr cerebrum encephal brain esthes sensation mening meninges ment mind

36 The Nervous System Encephalitis = inflammation of the brain
Neuralgia = severe pain in a nerve Neuroma = tumor or nerve cells

37 SKELETAL SYSTEM Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for body organs Contains 206 bones axial (skull and spinal column vertebrae) appendicular (arms, legs, connecting bones) Ligaments and Cartilage - connective tissue that holds together the skeletal systems at joints Joints range from rigid to those allowing full motion (e.g., the ball and socket joints of the hips and shoulders). Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

38 SKELETAL SYSTEM ROOT arthr joint oste bone ped, pod foot carp wrist
crani cranium dactyl finger or toe femor thigh bone fibul small lower leg bone humer upper arm bone lord curve oste bone patell knee cap oste bone ped, pod foot pelv pelvis phalang bones of fingers and toes rachi vertebrae scoli crooked, bent spondyl backbone stern sternum, breastbone tibi large lower leg bone

39 The Skeletal System Arthralgia = joint pain
Arthritis = inflammation of a joint Carpal = pertaining to carpus in the wrist Osteoarthritis = chronic disease of bones

40 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g. estrogen, progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for childbearing. Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the external genitalia. The mammary glands (located in breast tissue) produce and secrete milk at childbirth. The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from an external opening to the cervix and uterus. The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ. The fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovary to the uterus. The ovaries are located on each side of the uterus.

41 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT
men menstruation metr uterus ovari ovary salping fallopian tube toc birth uter uterine vagin vagina cervic cervix condyle knob, knuckle eclamps shining forth gynec woman hyster uterus lact milk mamm breast mast breast

42 The Female Reproductive System
Gynecology = the study of the female reproductive organs Amenorrhea = absence of menstruation Dysmenorrhea = menstrual pain Endometriosis = abnormal growth of uterine tissue Vaginitis = inflammation of the vagina

43 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produces sperm and secretes testosterone Primary sex organs – testes (testicles) Other organs seminal glands vas deferens prostate gland penis urethra Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

44 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT
andr male bala n glans penis crypt hidden orch testis orchid testis prostat prostate gland semin semen sperm sperm vas vessel, duct varic varicose veins test testis, testicle

45 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It produces sound for speaking and helps cool the body. Respiratory muscles (especially the diaphragm) expand the lungs automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract. The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication for respiration. The pharynx directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal cords. The trachea, or windpipe, connects to the two bronchi (bronchial tubes) that enter the lungs. As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the alveolar sacs that are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. Alveoli are specialized tissues that are responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and inhaled air.

46 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ROOT WORDS
aer air aero gas bronch bronchus capn carbon dioxide cyan blue laryng larynx nas nose ox oxygen pector chest pneumon lung, air pulmon lung respir breath rhin nose sinus sinus

47 The Respiratory System
Apnea = temporary failure to breath Bronchitis = inflammation of the bronchial membrane Cyanosis = blue discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygenation Hypercapnia = excessive carbon dioxide in the blood Hypoxia = low blood oxygen level Pneumonia = inflammation of the lungs Sinusitis = inflammation of the sinuses

48 URINARY TRACT Removes waste materials from the blood
The kidney is the primary organ. The functional unit is the nephron. There are several million nephrons in the kidneys. Urine is produced as plasma water and is filtered through the glomerulus, the filtrate is then collected in the tubule. Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than the glomerulus. Urine is the filtrate that moves along the tubule. Urine leaves the kidney through the ureters and collects in the bladder. It is excreted from the bladder through the urethra.

49 URINARY TRACT Waste materials from blood are ________ the tubule.
filtered into secreted into reabsorbed from Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

50 URINARY TRACT ROOT WORDS
ur kidney uria urine, urination uresis urination ureter ureter urethr urethra vesic bladder albumin protein cyst bladder glycos glucose keto ketones lith stone nephr kidney ren kidney

51 URINARY TRACT Anuria = inability to produce urine
Cystitis = inflammation of the bladder Nephritis = inflammation of the kidney Polyuria = excessive urination Uremia = toxic blood condition caused by kidney failure

52 SENSES: HEARING The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body equilibrium. The External ear functions to capture sound waves and channels them inside the ear. The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a funnel-shaped structure with an opening to outside. It contains glands that make earwax (cerumen) that protects the external ear. Malleus, incus, and stapes are three bony structures that transmit sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located in the middle ear. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nose and throat, serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. The labyrinth is the principal structure in the inner ear is which consists of the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals. The cochlea contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals and the vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.

53 SENSES: HEARING ROOT WORDS
acous hearing acusis hearing condition audi hearing cerumin wax-like labyrinth inner ear myring eardrum ot ear salping eustachian tube tympan eardrum

54 SENSES: SIGHT The Eyes are the organs that provide sight.
The eyelids protect the eye and assist in its lubrication. The conjunctiva is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid. There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye; the lacrimal glands above each eye secrete tears and the meibomian glands produce sebum. Nasolacrimal ducts (tear ducts) drains excess fluid into the eye. The eye has three layers. The outer layer is composed of the sclera and the cornea. The sclera is the white part of the eye. The cornea is transparent so the iris (the color of the eye) and the pupil (the opening of the eye) are visible. The middle layer is called the choroid and contains blood vessels that nourish the entire eye. In the third layer, the lens focuses light rays on the retina. The vitreous humor (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the retina and the lens. Rods and cones within the retina they are responsible for visual reception. The optic nerve within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation.

55 SENSES: SIGHT ROOT WORDS
ambly dim, dull blephar eyelid conjunctiv conjunctiva come cornea glauc gray irid, ir iris lacrim tear duct ocul eye ophthalm eye opia vision opt eye, vision retin retina stigmat point(ed)

56 Senses: Sight Blepharitis = inflammation of the eyelid
Conjunctivitis = inflammation of the conjunctiva Retinitis = inflammation of the retina

57 DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS Drug class – group of drugs that have several therapeutic properties in common Several classes oppose (means “against”)physiological processes. Antacid =relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn, indigestion Antianginals =relieves heart pain Anticoagulants =prevents blood clots Anticonvulsants =prevents seizures Antidepressants =prevents depression Antidiarrheals =stops diarrhea (loose stool) Antiemetics =prevents nausea and vomiting

58 Antihistamine = blocks the effects of histamine
Antihyperlipidemia = lowers high cholesterol Antihypertensive = reduces high blood pressure Anti-inflammatory = reduces inflammation Antipruritics = prevents or relieves itching Antispasmodics = relieves intestinal cramping Antitussive = relieves coughing

59 OTHER CLASSES Analgesic Hypoglycemic hypo + glyc + emic =
without pain, pain killer Hypoglycemic hypo + glyc + emic = reduces blood sugar level Hypolipidemic hypo + lipid + emic = reduces cholesterol or lipid levels Spermicide sperm + i + cide = kills sperm

60 PHARMACY ABBREVIATIONS
About 10,000 abbreviations can be specific to one institution can be specific to one area of the country

61 Pharmacy Abbreviations
Most common abbreviations Route Form Time Measurement

62 Pharmacy Abbreviations
ad = right ear as = left ear au = each ear IM = intramuscular IV = intravenous od = right eye os = left eye ou = each eye po = by mouth sl = sublingually

63 Pharmacy Abbreviations
elix = elixir supp = suppository ung = ointment ac = before meals pc = after meals hs = at bedtime qd = every day prn = as needed qid = four times a day tid = three times a day bid = two times a day


Download ppt "MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 4."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google