1. Chapter 10 Motivation

2. Objectives 10.1 Motivational Theories Define the concept of motivation. Discuss the theories about what moves individuals toward the fulfillment of a goal. 10.2 Motivation of Hunger Illustrate the biology/physiology of hunger. Explain environmental influences on hunger. Describe the eating disorders and self- regulation.

3. Objectives 10.3 Sexual Motivation Examine the physiology of human sexual response. Compare and contrast gender norms in sexual motivation. Discuss evolutionary theories of mating. Describe the biological and environmental factors in sexual orientation.

4. Objectives 10.4 Social Motivations Define the social motivations and give examples of each. 10.5 Motivation and Work Explain the relationship between human motivation and work.

5. Motivational Theories Motivation: An inner state that energizes people toward the fulfillment of a goal Motive: The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain or displeasure

6. Motivational Theories Instinct Theories Evolutionary Theories Drive Theories Arousal Theories Incentive Theories Hierarchical Theories

7. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Students who were paid to solve puzzles during their free time (red) completed more puzzles in the second session (when paid), but fewer in the third session (when not paid), compared to the control group (blue). Performance based on level of incentives for mechanical skills and cognitive skills. Data from Ariely, D., Gneezy, W., Lowenstein, G., & Mazar, N. (2009). Large stakes and big mistakes. Review of Economic Studies, 76, 451–469

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Figure 10.04: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs shows basic needs as a foundation, with higher level needs built upon them.

9. The Physiology and Regulation of Hunger Figure 10.05: Cannon and Washburn's study showed that stomach contractions were the cause of feelings of hunger pangs.

10. The Brain and Hunger Figure 10.07: Two areas of the hypothalamus, the lateral and the ventromedial, are responsible for motivating the starting and stopping of eating.

11. Hormones

12. Metabolism Set point theory suggests the body works to maintain a particular weight, so that when intake is reduced, metabolism slows to burn fewer calories.

13. Glucose Monitoring Figure 10.10: The hypothalamus coordinates the work of the endocrine system to use and store glucose throughout the body.

14. Genetics Data from Bulik, C. M., Wade, T. D., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., Stunkard, A. J., &Eaves, L. J. (2001). Relating body mass index to figural stimuli: population-based normative data for Caucasians. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(10), 1517-1524.

15. Environmental Influences In addition to the many biological factors involved in the motivation to eat, a wealth of environmental factors play a role.

16. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: An individual feels he or she is overweight despite objective evidence. Bulimia nervosa involves binge eating large amounts of food but maintaining relatively normal weight by purging. Binge-eating disorder is marked by repeated overeating without the compensatory strategies found in bulimia.

17. Obesity Figure 10.15: Prevalence increases exponentially when excess weight is 60% or more above desirable weight. Source: Reproduced from Kral, J. G. (1985). Morbid obesity and related health risks. Annals of Internal Medicine, 103(6), 1043–1104.

18. Physiology of Sexual Response Human sexual response cycle: Phases of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution that complete a sexual act

19. Gender Norms in Sexual Motivation Masturbation vs. sublimation Sexual peak Number of sexual partners Casual sex Data from Barr, A., Bryan, A., & Kenrick, D. T. (2002). Sexual peak: Socially shared cognitions about desire, frequency, and satisfaction in men and women. Personal Relationships, 9, 287–299. Data from Fryar, C. D., Hirsch, R., Porter, K. S., Kottiri, B., Brody, D. J., &Louis, T. (2007, June 28). Drug use and sexual behaviors reported by adults: United States, 1999-2002. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 384, 1-16. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad384.pdf

20. Evolutionary Theories of Mating Males – “Quantity” Cost of procreation is small, limited to the acts of intercourse, No waiting period until they can father more children. Benefit from following a strategy of impregnating many different women while minimizing investment in them or their children Females – “Quality” Pregnancies and giving birth are dangerous. Much greater investment of resources is needed to carry, breastfeed, and care for the limited number of offspring. Benefit from choosing high- status mates who can providing access to social and economic resources.

21. Sexual Orientation Heterosexual: A person who desires emotional and sexual intimacy with members of the opposite sex Homosexual: A person who desires emotional and sexual intimacy with members of the same sex Bisexual: A person with more than incidental involvement with both male and female partners Figure 10.26: Kinsey characterized orientation as falling along a continuum from solely heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, with most people falling in between. © The Kinsey Institute

22. Biological Factors in Sexual Orientation Brain structure and function Prenatal hormones Genetic influences

23. Social Motivations Belonging Achievement Self-actualization

24. Making Choices Make choices in novel ways. Link the present with long-term goals. Make use of higher-level thinking processes. Practice self-regulation.

25. Motivation and Work Industrial and organizational psychology: A field of study addressing the psychology of work Hawthorne effect: Improvement in a test group caused by the increased interest shown toward them

26. Personnel Psychology

27. Organizational Psychology Figure 10.31: Data from 1950–1980 census and five-year moving averages. Figures in parentheses indicate women's earnings as a percent of men's in 1998. Data from U.S. Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics.

28. Career Directions