1. Unit 6: Half a Century of Crisis and Achievement (1900-1945)

2. 1. The establishment of the independent countries of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia was the result of (1) the Franco-Prussian War (2) the Berlin Conference (3) World War I (4) the Munich Pact

3. 1. The establishment of the independent countries of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia was the result of (1) the Franco-Prussian War (2) the Berlin Conference (3) World War I (4) the Munich Pact

4. 2. This World War I poster is an example of (1) Diversity(3) toleration (2) Dissent (4) propaganda

5. 2. This World War I poster is an example of (1) Diversity(3) toleration (2) Dissent (4) propaganda

6. 3. This 1912 cartoon depicts (1) efforts to contain the Boxer Rebellion (2) tensions in pre–World War I Europe (3) reactions to the Bolshevik Revolution (4) responses to the rise of the Weimar Republic

7. 3. This 1912 cartoon depicts (1) efforts to contain the Boxer Rebellion (2) tensions in pre–World War I Europe (3) reactions to the Bolshevik Revolution (4) responses to the rise of the Weimar Republic

8. 4. During World War I, developments in military technology led to (1) an early victory by the Allied powers (2) the establishment of industrial capitalism (3) the use of poisonous gas and submarine attacks (4) an increase in ethnic tension in western Europe

9. 4. During World War I, developments in military technology led to (1) an early victory by the Allied powers (2) the establishment of industrial capitalism (3) the use of poisonous gas and submarine attacks (4) an increase in ethnic tension in western Europe

10. 5. Which agreement was labeled by the Nazis as unfair to Germany? (1) Treaty of Versailles (2) Soviet Nonaggression Pact (3) Munich Pact (4) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

11. 5. Which agreement was labeled by the Nazis as unfair to Germany? (1) Treaty of Versailles (2) Soviet Nonaggression Pact (3) Munich Pact (4) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

12. 6. Which event sparked the outbreak of World War I? (1) attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan (2) Germany’s invasion of Poland (3) Bolshevik coup d’état in Russia (4) assassination of the Austrian Archduke

13. 6. Which event sparked the outbreak of World War I? (1) attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan (2) Germany’s invasion of Poland (3) Bolshevik coup d’état in Russia (4) assassination of the Austrian Archduke

14. Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles: that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. - IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY, Washington, D. C., April 22, 1915. Source: New York Times, May 1, 1915 (adapted) 7. Which technological innovation of World War I is most closely associated with this German notice? (1) tanks (3) submarines (2) airplanes (4) machine guns

15. Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles: that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. - IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY, Washington, D. C., April 22, 1915. Source: New York Times, May 1, 1915 (adapted) 7. Which technological innovation of World War I is most closely associated with this German notice? (1) tanks (3) submarines (2) airplanes (4) machine guns

16. 8. Forced famine in Ukraine (1932–1933) was a direct result of (1) Czar Nicholas’s involvement in World War I (2) Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy (3) Joseph Stalin’s collectivization (4) Nikita Khrushchev’s removal from power

17. 8. Forced famine in Ukraine (1932–1933) was a direct result of (1) Czar Nicholas’s involvement in World War I (2) Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy (3) Joseph Stalin’s collectivization (4) Nikita Khrushchev’s removal from power

18. 9. Which statement about the Soviet economy under Joseph Stalin is accurate? 1)The Soviet Union increased its power by developing heavy industry. 2)The government reduced its role in planning industrial production. 3)Farmers were encouraged to compete in a free market economy. 4)A large selection of consumer goods became available in the Soviet Union.

19. 9. Which statement about the Soviet economy under Joseph Stalin is accurate? 1)The Soviet Union increased its power by developing heavy industry. 2)The government reduced its role in planning industrial production. 3)Farmers were encouraged to compete in a free market economy. 4)A large selection of consumer goods became available in the Soviet Union.

20. 10. A primary objective of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the Soviet Union was to 1)promote private ownership of heavy industry 2)organize support for educational reforms to improve literacy 3)coordinate efforts to end World War I 4)gain stability by increasing production

21. 10. A primary objective of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the Soviet Union was to 1)promote private ownership of heavy industry 2)organize support for educational reforms to improve literacy 3)coordinate efforts to end World War I 4)gain stability by increasing production

22. … Whatever we may wish or hope, and whatever course of action we may decide, whatever be the views held as to the legality, or the humanity, or the military wisdom and expediency [advisability] of such operations, there is not the slightest doubt that in the next war both sides will send their aircraft out without scruple [hesitation] to bomb those objectives which they consider the most suitable.… — H. Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force, 1928 11. This passage implies that the author is 1)grateful for the availability of new weapons 2)aware that new weapons have broadened the theater of war 3)certain that there will be no future wars 4)anxious about the legality of future military operations

23. … Whatever we may wish or hope, and whatever course of action we may decide, whatever be the views held as to the legality, or the humanity, or the military wisdom and expediency [advisability] of such operations, there is not the slightest doubt that in the next war both sides will send their aircraft out without scruple [hesitation] to bomb those objectives which they consider the most suitable.… — H. Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force, 1928 11. This passage implies that the author is 1)grateful for the availability of new weapons 2)aware that new weapons have broadened the theater of war 3)certain that there will be no future wars 4)anxious about the legality of future military operations

24. 12. Which goal did Joseph Stalin establish for the Soviet Union? (1) becoming an industrial power (2) creating a golden age of culture (3) instituting a parliamentary monarchy (4) easing tensions using détente

25. 12. Which goal did Joseph Stalin establish for the Soviet Union? (1) becoming an industrial power (2) creating a golden age of culture (3) instituting a parliamentary monarchy (4) easing tensions using détente

26. 13. Which condition was a result of Joseph Stalin’s command economy? (1) Peasants were encouraged to sell surplus grain for personal profit. (2) The production of consumer goods increased. (3) National revenue increased allowing for greater individual spending. (4) The government controlled agriculture through collective farms.

27. 13. Which condition was a result of Joseph Stalin’s command economy? (1) Peasants were encouraged to sell surplus grain for personal profit. (2) The production of consumer goods increased. (3) National revenue increased allowing for greater individual spending. (4) The government controlled agriculture through collective farms.

28. 14. The purpose of Mohandas Gandhi’s actions such as the Salt March and the textile boycott was to (1) begin a cycle of armed revolution (2) draw attention to critical issues (3) increase the strength of the military (4) resist the power of religious leaders

29. 14. The purpose of Mohandas Gandhi’s actions such as the Salt March and the textile boycott was to (1) begin a cycle of armed revolution (2) draw attention to critical issues (3) increase the strength of the military (4) resist the power of religious leaders

30. 15. Which of these events that occurred in the Soviet Union was a direct cause of the other three? (1) famine in Ukraine (2) implementation of five-year plans (3) establishment of collective farms (4) development of heavy industry

31. 15. Which of these events that occurred in the Soviet Union was a direct cause of the other three? (1) famine in Ukraine (2) implementation of five-year plans (3) establishment of collective farms (4) development of heavy industry

32. 16. Which development occurred in Germany as a result of the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles? (1) Soviet occupation (2) political instability (3) overseas expansion (4) economic prosperity

33. 16. Which development occurred in Germany as a result of the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles? (1) Soviet occupation (2) political instability (3) overseas expansion (4) economic prosperity

34. 17. Which type of political system is being depicted in this 1943 cartoon? (1) direct democracy (3) theocratic republic (2) monarchy (4) totalitarian

35. 17. Which type of political system is being depicted in this 1943 cartoon? (1) direct democracy (3) theocratic republic (2) monarchy (4) totalitarian

36. 18. One way in which the government under Czar Nicholas II of Russia and the government under Benito Mussolini of Italy are similar is that both governments 1)liberated the serfs and industrial workers 2)reformed the executive branch by incorporating theocratic principles 3)established policies of censorship and repression 4)used televised propaganda to rally the masses

37. 18. One way in which the government under Czar Nicholas II of Russia and the government under Benito Mussolini of Italy are similar is that both governments 1)liberated the serfs and industrial workers 2)reformed the executive branch by incorporating theocratic principles 3)established policies of censorship and repression 4)used televised propaganda to rally the masses

38. 19. Which goal was most important to the Indian nationalist movement? (1) independence from British rule (2) establishing a laissez-faire economy (3) forming a totalitarian state (4) expansion of territory

39. 19. Which goal was most important to the Indian nationalist movement? (1) independence from British rule (2) establishing a laissez-faire economy (3) forming a totalitarian state (4) expansion of territory

40. Wearing of the fez outlawed (1925). Turkish state declared secular (1928). Women received the right to vote and hold office (1934). 20. Which idea was promoted by these actions taken in Turkey? (1) industrialization (3) ethnocentrism (2) conservatism (4) westernization

41. Wearing of the fez outlawed (1925). Turkish state declared secular (1928). Women received the right to vote and hold office (1934). 20. Which idea was promoted by these actions taken in Turkey? (1) industrialization (3) ethnocentrism (2) conservatism (4) westernization

42. 21. What was a key cause for the rise of fascism in nations such as Italy and Germany? (1) collectivization (3) genocide (2) economic hardship (4) secret treaties

43. 21. What was a key cause for the rise of fascism in nations such as Italy and Germany? (1) collectivization (3) genocide (2) economic hardship (4) secret treaties

44. 22. Which geographic characteristic of Japan most influenced its decision to engage in imperialism in the early to mid-20th century? (1) mountainous terrain (2) lack of natural resources (3) abundance of rivers (4) island location

45. 22. Which geographic characteristic of Japan most influenced its decision to engage in imperialism in the early to mid-20th century? (1) mountainous terrain (2) lack of natural resources (3) abundance of rivers (4) island location

46. 23. After World War I, the rise of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany are most closely associated with (1) the development of fascism (2) the desire for containment (3) an emphasis on democratic traditions (4) a return to conservative religious practices

47. 23. After World War I, the rise of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany are most closely associated with (1) the development of fascism (2) the desire for containment (3) an emphasis on democratic traditions (4) a return to conservative religious practices

48. 24. Which action is most closely associated with totalitarian governments? (1) allowing public discussion of issues and building consensus (2) accepting criticism and permitting dissent (3) engaging in censorship and propaganda campaigns (4) having open and transparent elections with multiple political parties

49. 24. Which action is most closely associated with totalitarian governments? (1) allowing public discussion of issues and building consensus (2) accepting criticism and permitting dissent (3) engaging in censorship and propaganda campaigns (4) having open and transparent elections with multiple political parties

50. 25. Based on this map, which region experienced the most severe drop in industrial production between 1929 and 1932? (1) western Europe (3) central Europe (2) northern Europe (4) southeastern Europe

51. 25. Based on this map, which region experienced the most severe drop in industrial production between 1929 and 1932? (1) western Europe (3) central Europe (2) northern Europe (4) southeastern Europe

52. 26. Extreme nationalism, individuals existing for the good of the state, and unquestioning loyalty to the leader are the defining characteristics of (1) fascism (3) democracy (2) liberalism(4) theocracy

53. 26. Extreme nationalism, individuals existing for the good of the state, and unquestioning loyalty to the leader are the defining characteristics of (1) fascism (3) democracy (2) liberalism(4) theocracy

54. 27. The style of clothing worn by Kemal Atatürk of Turkey and Reza Pahlavi of Iran in these photographs indicates these leaders’ desire to (1)westernize their nation (2)enforce fundamental Islamic principles (3)support nationalist movements (4)adapt to the physical climate of their country

55. 27. The style of clothing worn by Kemal Atatürk of Turkey and Reza Pahlavi of Iran in these photographs indicates these leaders’ desire to (1)westernize their nation (2)enforce fundamental Islamic principles (3)support nationalist movements (4)adapt to the physical climate of their country

56. 28. Which geographic factor was most significant in helping the Soviet Union withstand German attacks in World War II? 1)The Ural Mountains served as a barrier to advancing German armies. 2)Distance and harsh winters disrupted German supply lines. 3)Extensive food-producing areas kept the Soviet armies well fed. 4)Numerous ports along the Arctic Sea allowed for the refueling of Soviet transport ships

57. 28. Which geographic factor was most significant in helping the Soviet Union withstand German attacks in World War II? 1)The Ural Mountains served as a barrier to advancing German armies. 2)Distance and harsh winters disrupted German supply lines. 3)Extensive food-producing areas kept the Soviet armies well fed. 4)Numerous ports along the Arctic Sea allowed for the refueling of Soviet transport ships

58. … We have already said that there are only three ways left to Japan to escape from the pressure of surplus population. We are like a great crowd of people packed into a small and narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely, emigration, advance into world markets, and expansion of territory. The first door, emigration, has been barred to us by the anti- Japanese immigration policies of other countries. The second door, advance into world markets, is being pushed shut by tariff barriers and the abrogation [cancellation] of commercial treaties. What should Japan do when two of the three doors have been closed against her? It is quite natural that Japan should rush upon the last remaining door.… — Hashimoto Kingoro¯, 1939 Speech 29. The author of this excerpt is presenting an argument for Japan to follow a policy of (1) self-restraint (2) isolation (3) urbanization (4) economic imperialism

59. … We have already said that there are only three ways left to Japan to escape from the pressure of surplus population. We are like a great crowd of people packed into a small and narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely, emigration, advance into world markets, and expansion of territory. The first door, emigration, has been barred to us by the anti- Japanese immigration policies of other countries. The second door, advance into world markets, is being pushed shut by tariff barriers and the abrogation [cancellation] of commercial treaties. What should Japan do when two of the three doors have been closed against her? It is quite natural that Japan should rush upon the last remaining door.… — Hashimoto Kingoro¯, 1939 Speech 29. The author of this excerpt is presenting an argument for Japan to follow a policy of (1) self-restraint (2) isolation (3) urbanization (4) economic imperialism

60. 30. The World War II military action shown on this map was significant because it (1) took the pressure off the war in the Pacific (2) led directly to the war crimes trials in Nuremberg (3) caused Germany to resort to unrestricted submarine warfare (4) forced Germany to fight the Allies on eastern and western fronts

61. 30. The World War II military action shown on this map was significant because it (1) took the pressure off the war in the Pacific (2) led directly to the war crimes trials in Nuremberg (3) caused Germany to resort to unrestricted submarine warfare (4) forced Germany to fight the Allies on eastern and western fronts

62. 31. Which event caused the policy of appeasement to be viewed as a failure? (1) creation of the League of Nations (1919) (2) forced famine in Ukraine (1932) (3) invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939) (4) atomic bombing of Hiroshima (1945)

63. 31. Which event caused the policy of appeasement to be viewed as a failure? (1) creation of the League of Nations (1919) (2) forced famine in Ukraine (1932) (3) invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939) (4) atomic bombing of Hiroshima (1945)

64. 32. One major reason the League of Nations failed was that it (1) was not included in the Versailles Treaty (2) was controlled by communist Russia (3) frightened many nations with its large military force (4) lacked the support of many of the major world powers during crises

65. 32. One major reason the League of Nations failed was that it (1) was not included in the Versailles Treaty (2) was controlled by communist Russia (3) frightened many nations with its large military force (4) lacked the support of many of the major world powers during crises

66. 33. Which title best completes the partial outline below? I._______________________________ A. During the early 1800s, Napoleon Bonaparte’s grand army sweeps across eastern Europe. B. During World War I, Germany invades France through Belgium. C. During World War II, Germans blitzkrieg western Europe. (1) Importance of Rivers as Invasion Routes (2) Stalemate of Trench Warfare (3) Use of the Northern Plain for Conquest (4) Role of Naval Blockades in Wars

67. 33. Which title best completes the partial outline below? I._______________________________ A. During the early 1800s, Napoleon Bonaparte’s grand army sweeps across eastern Europe. B. During World War I, Germany invades France through Belgium. C. During World War II, Germans blitzkrieg western Europe. (1) Importance of Rivers as Invasion Routes (2) Stalemate of Trench Warfare (3) Use of the Northern Plain for Conquest (4) Role of Naval Blockades in Wars

68. 34. Which geographic factor enabled the German blitzkrieg to succeed? (1) swift running rivers (2) mountain ranges (3) relatively flat terrain (4) tropical climate

69. 34. Which geographic factor enabled the German blitzkrieg to succeed? (1) swift running rivers (2) mountain ranges (3) relatively flat terrain (4) tropical climate

70. 35. Japan expanded her empire in the 1930s and 1940s to include parts of (1) eastern Europe and the Middle East (2) China and Southeast Asia (3) Turkey and the Soviet Union (4) Australia and India

71. 35. Japan expanded her empire in the 1930s and 1940s to include parts of (1) eastern Europe and the Middle East (2) China and Southeast Asia (3) Turkey and the Soviet Union (4) Australia and India

72. 36. Hitler’s actions as expressed by this cartoon led Stalin to (1) adopt a policy of appeasement (2) take over Germany’s industry (3) join the Allies in the fight against Germany (4) reduce the size of the Soviet army

73. 36. Hitler’s actions as expressed by this cartoon led Stalin to (1) adopt a policy of appeasement (2) take over Germany’s industry (3) join the Allies in the fight against Germany (4) reduce the size of the Soviet army