1. Unit 1D Carbohydrates

2. What are the subunits of all carbohydrates? Single Sugar Molecules, such as glucose or fructose. Note: Anything ending with –ose is a sugar!!!

3. What are Carbohydrates? What do Carbohydrates do? Carbohydrates are sugars. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Organisms also use Carbohydrates to store energy.

4. Why are Carbohydrates important to organisms? Without Carbohydrates, organisms would not be able to get enough energy to run all of their bodily processes. Without Carbohydrates, organisms would not be able to store enough energy for later use.

5. What organisms are carbohydrates important to? All organisms

6. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have many different names and forms. BUT, whenever you think of a carbohydrate, think of SUGAR. The first name we will look at is saccharide. Saccharide is just a fancy name for carbohydrate or sugar.

7. What is a monosaccharide? Mono means? One Saccharide means? Sugar So, a Monosaccaride is? One sugar molecule…it is a simple sugar, like glucose or fructose Glucose Molecule

8. What is a Polysaccharide? What is poly? Many What is a saccharide? Sugar What is a polysaccharide? Many sugars bonded together

9. What are the subunits of a polysaccharide? Polysaccharides are made up of single sugars, such as glucose or fructose. Glucose (a monosacharaide) Cellulose (a polysaccharide)

10. What is the source of saccharides? Where can they be found? In many common food items:

11. What is the function of saccharides? What do they do? Saccharides, as a group (the carbohydrates) are the main energy storing molecules. Organisms eat saccharides to get energy. Organisms store saccharides in their bodies so that they can use them later. (ex: bears, seeds)

12. Glucose We showed glucose in one of the earlier pictures. Now we are going to learn a little about glucose. It is one type of carbohydrate (sugar).

13. What is a chemical formula? A chemical formula is a letter representation of the atoms in a molecule. Example: Water has 2 Hydrogens and 1 Oxygen H 2 O Pentane has 5 Carbons and 10 Hydrogens C 5 H 10 Oxygen exists bound to another oxygen O 2

14. What is the chemical formula for glucose? C 6 H 12 O 6 There are how many Carbons? 6 How many Hydrogens? 12 How many Oxygens? 6

15. Looking at the formula for glucose, is it organic or inorganic? C 6 H 12 O 6 It has Carbon, so it is organic.

16. What type of organic molecule is it? Glucose ends with –ose. This indicates that it is a _________? Sugar If it is a sugar, then it is what type of organic molecule? A Carbohydrate

17. Is glucose a mono or a polysaccharide? Glucose is a Monosaccharide.

18. What cells/organ systems is glucose associated with? Glucose is associated with all cells and organ systems in the human body, because all cells can use glucose for energy. Almost all other organisms can also use glucose for energy.

19. What is a source of glucose? Where can it be found? Glucose is found in pretty much all living things. Some organisms store more, some store less. You find the biggest stores of glucose in fruits and vegetables.

20. What is the function of glucose? What is its job? Glucose’s main job is to provide energy to cells. Glucose can also be stored for later use.

21. Glycogen Now we are going to talk about another type of saccharide …Glycogen

22. What type of Organic Molecule is Glycogen? It is a Carbohydrate

23. What are the subunits of glycogen? Many glucose molecules bond together to form glycogen.

24. Is Glycogen a Mono or a Polysaccharide? Since it is made of many glucose molecules bound together, it is a ________ Polysaccharide

25. What is glycogen’s relationship to glucose, the liver, and muscle cells? Humans (as well as many other animals) will sometimes eat more food than they need. When a human eats too much glucose and does not use it all : The extra glucose is packed together to form glycogen. The glycogen is then stored in the liver and in the muscle cells.

26. Why would we store glycogen? And why would we store it in the liver and muscle cells? We would store glycogen because our bodies like to be prepared…just in case we run out of food. We can use the stored glycogen by pulling it out of storage and turning it back into glucose. Why store glycogen in the liver? The liver has a large amount of blood running through it. By storing glycogen in the liver, it can be released straight into the blood when needed. Why store glycogen in the muscles? Our muscles require a lot of energy to function. By storing glycogen directly in the muscles, we can release any needed glycogen/glucose/energy straight to the muscles.

27. Starch Now we are going to talk about yet another saccharide, Starch

28. What type of organic molecule is Starch? Starch is a Carbohydrate

29. What are the subunits of starch? Starch is made of: Amylose Amylopectin Both Amylose and Amylopectin are Polymers of Glucose!!! What does that mean? Starch is made out of a bunch of glucose!!

30. In what types of organisms can starch be found? Mainly plants. Plants use starch as their energy storage device. Recap: Animals store Glucose in the form of Glycogen. Plants store Glucose in the form of Starch.

31. What is the function of Starch? What types of Organisms use it and what do they use it for? Plants use starch as energy storage. Animals (including people) eat the plants to get the starch. They do this to get energy.

32. Is starch a mono or a polysaccharide? It is a polysaccharide because it is made from Amylose and Amylopectin, which are already polymers of Glucose.

33. What is society’s opinion on the relationship between starch and weight gain? Is it true or not? People often claim that Starch/Carbohydrates are bad for your health because they make you gain weight. This is not true if: People eat Carbohydrates that are not refined (ex: whole grain breads and pastas). When something is whole grain, the fiber is still in it. When something has been processed, like white bread or donuts, the fiber has been removed. Your body absorbs the carbohydrates (sugar) more slowly when the fiber is left in, therefore, it is not immediately stored as excess sugar in glycogen or in fat cells. This is true if: People eat all processed carbohydrates, or if they do not balance their carbohydrate intake with raw vegetables and fruits. REMEMBER: Your body MUST have carbohydrates in order to function…just watch how much you eat and what types you eat.

34. Cellulose Now we will talk about the last main saccharide we will be dealing with…Cellulose

35. What type of organic molecule is Cellulose? A Carbohydrate

36. What are the subunits of Cellulose? B-Glucose (which is just another form of glucose)

37. Is cellulose a mono or a polysaccharide? Polysaccharide

38. In what types of organisms can cellulose be found? Where in these organisms can it be found? Cellulose is found in plants. Mainly in the trunks, limbs, and stems. Wood is almost completely made out of cellulose.

39. What is cellulose used for? Cellulose is used in plants for flexibility and support. Plants don’t have bones!!!

40. What is the relationship between termites, cellulose, and protists? Cellulose is very hard to digest. Most animals (including humans) can not digest cellulose. Termites eat wood (cellulose), but they can not digest it either. Protists live in their guts. These protists digest the cellulose for the termites.