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Environmental Science Review Ms. Sprang 2016
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What is the difference between an Environmentalist and an Environmental Scientist? An environmentalist CARES about the environment but does not study it. They read information and try to create laws and take actions that benefit the environment in some ways Environmental Scientists study the earth and how different parts of the earth interact with living things on the earth
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What are renewable and non-renewable resources? Renewable resources come back after a short amount of time (formed quickly) or do not go away when used: Solar Power, Wind Power, Wood, Water & Wave Energy Nonrenewable resources do not come back for a long time after being used (formed slowly), or do not come back at all: Coal, Oil, Gas, Metals (Copper, Gold, Iron)
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What is Biodiversity? Having many different species of animals and plants in a given area. Biodiversity helps us with farming & agriculture as well as medicine. The biggest way biodiversity provides us with a sources of income is ecotourism, where people explore new places.
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How do we protect wildlife? When a Species is threatened, we make a Species Survival Plan (SSP). Protected areas, like wildlife corridors are created. Scientists map biodiversity hotspots to manage whole ecosystems and habitats. Places like coral reefs are hotspots and have the highest net primary production.
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Biomes Biomes are categorized by two factors, heat and moisture. Deserts are warm and dry Tundra is cold and dry Rainforests are warm and wet Boreal Forests are cold and wet All other biomes are in between In a temperature/precipitation graph, when the temperature line is above the moisture line, it’s dry, when it is below the moisture line, it is wet.
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Aquatic Ecosystems Approximately ¾ of the earth’s surface is water (close to 75%) Most of the water on earth is salt water Water ecosystems are divided up into 2 areas: Where sunlight can reach- Photic Zone (most life is here) Where sunlight cannot reach- Aphotic Zone The benthic zone is specifically the bottom of whatever body of water, like the lake bottom and the ocean bottom. It is photic in shallow areas and aphotic in deep areas
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Freshwater ecosystems Only 3 percent of the earth’s water is freshwater. 2% is in the polar ice caps (Artic and Antarctic), and 1% we can use. Water cycle is evaporation (liquid into gas), condensation (gas into liquid in clouds), and precipitation (falling rain & snow) There are two types of ecosystems, standing and moving Standing water does not move, like lakes, wetlands and ponds Moving water does move, like rivers and streams Also includes estuaries, where the ocean meets a river (can be a bit salty)
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Layers of the Earth Environmental Scientists divide the earth into 4 parts, some that slightly overlap: Geosphere- All the rock on the earth, Hydrosphere- The area of earth that contains water Biosphere- The area of the earth that living things exist on Atmosphere- All the gases around the planet
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Geologist’s Layers of the Earth The Geosphere is divided up into more parts: Crust-the outside layer of the earth Mantle- Hot rock with the consistency of syrup, has 2 parts: Top part: Lithosphere, firmer Bottom part: Asthenosphere, softer Core- Metal made of two parts, what makes the earth magnetic Outer Core- Liquid Nickel and Iron Inner Core- Solid Nickel and Iron
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Plants and Growing Plants need water, sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air and nutrients to grow Plants can get nutrients from soil or from fertilizer Too much fertilizer can cause too much plant growth in the ocean Photosynthesis creates sugar (carbohydrates) and oxygen. The plant gets rid of the oxygen, which we breath
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Hazards There are 4 types of hazards: Biological- Diseases, bacteria and other pathogens. Diseases that exist but are increasing rapidly are emerging. Widespread disease is a pandemic. Chemical- Can occur outside (poison ivy and farming sprays) or inside (radon, carbon monoxide and asbestos) Social- Choices we make, like smoking and driving cars Physical or Natural- Disasters like wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes. Man can trigger these. We measure how likely these will harm us through risk assessment
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Environmental Laws Government makes the laws, and interacts with businesses, citizens and other organizations In the US, in the early years (1780-1800) they though the resources were endless and made laws that reflected that. We changed our laws to become more environmentally conscious starting in 1960 Before a law can be created, first the problem must be identified
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Types of Animals Herbivores- Eats only plants. Example is a rabbit or a cow. Carnivore- Eats only meat. Example is a tiger or a wolf. Omnivore- Eats both. Humans are omnivores
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Sections of a forest:
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Sections of a forest quick notes Canopy- Top of the forest, where birds rest Subcanopy- Middle of the top of trees, where nests are made Understory- Bushes and other low plants Forest floor- absolute bottom Two other sections- Emerging- When one tree sticks out over all the others Snag- dead materials
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Value of forests Forests prevent erosion and regulate water flow Economically, forests also provide wood and products such as paper, fruits and medicine Sometimes forests are removed to make way for other things such as farms. This is called deforestation.
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Weather Global wind patterns are caused by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface. Air rises at the equator and moves towards the earth’s north and south pole. Cold air from those areas rush in to fill in the space from the rising air. Global warming is Earth’s average surface temperature getting hotter. It does not have to be hotter all the time, in fact in some areas it can be colder due to winds. People living on the coast are most directly affected by global warming, as sea levels will rise as ice melts.
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Population The largest event to impact human population growth is the Industrial Revolution, where more things are made by factories An age structure diagram compares age and gender in a country
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Demographic Transition Model Four stages: Preindustrial (areas of the world that do not have a lot of technology; Parts of India, island nations) Transitional (areas that are working on creating better farming, health and technology; Parts of India, areas of Africa) Industrial (areas that have created factories and other health benefits, huge population; China) Post-industrial (areas that have a steady population because people want to keep money; Europe and America) China has the largest ecological footprint
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Vocabulary Population- A group of the same animal or plant in a given area Community- Living things that interact in the same area Ecosystem- The living and physical environment in the same area Migration- Moving from one area to another, usually for food or mating purposes, as well as changing of the seasons
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More Vocabulary Sampling- Observing portions of the populations to make an estimate about the whole population Carrying Capacity- The amount of a population a given area can sustain based on the habitat and resources available Erosion- Removal of soil or other materials from an area due to water or other weather conditions Organic- Not using chemical or man-made pesticides or other materials to grow plants or treat animals
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Cities Humans live in cities and farm in certain areas because the amount of usable (arable) land on earth is not increasing Additionally cities allow for more human jobs and activities in a closer area Cities are considered urban environments. Suburban areas surround cities and areas with few people are considered rural Cities experience many interesting types of pollution like light pollution from all the buildings and sound pollution from all the activities and construction taking place
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The Ph Scale
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