1. Greek and Roman Times Hippocrates was one of the first scientist to propose a biological theory of abnormality Hippocrates was one of the first scientist to propose a biological theory of abnormality while he was a keen observer, his physiology was crude while he was a keen observer, his physiology was crude

2. ABNORMAL HISTORY GREEKS GREEKS HIPPOCRATES HIPPOCRATES ASSUMED THE BRAIN AS ORIGIN OF ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTION. ASSUMED THE BRAIN AS ORIGIN OF ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTION. ABNORMAL BRAIN=ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ABNORMAL BRAIN=ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR NOT CAUSED BY GODS BUT BY DISEASE NOT CAUSED BY GODS BUT BY DISEASE

3. Early Demonology during various periods of history people suffering from mental illnesses were seen as being possessed by evil spirits during various periods of history people suffering from mental illnesses were seen as being possessed by evil spirits

4. Early Roots in Philosophy Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) Since the senses provide distorted information, certainty can only come from pure reason (mind). This led him to develop a view of the world in which there are two kinds of substance—mind and matter— that mind and body are separate entities. This point of view is known as rationalism. In psychology, it is known as the mind-body problem.

5. John Locke (1632 – 1704) The contents of our consciousness come only through direct experience of the external world through the senses. The mind is a blank slate (Tabula Rasa) at birth on which experience writes itself into the mind.

6. Answer the following Identify the 6 contemporary perspectives in psychology. Identify the 6 contemporary perspectives in psychology. Which perspectives emphasize the importance of biological factors. Which perspectives emphasize the importance of biological factors.

7. Psychology Becomes a Science Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920) Believed that psychology should utilize scientific method and focus on the individual’s conscious awareness of immediate experience. Founded the first laboratory devoted to psychology in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, focused on the measurement of sensory experiences. He is considered the father of modern Psychology

8. Structuralism (Identify the basic components of consciousness and how they relate to each other.) G. Stanley Hall ( 1844 – 1924) Created the first psychology laboratory and professional journal in the U.S., founder of the APA, best known for his work on child and adolescent development. E.B. Tichener (1867 – 1927) Building on the ideas of Wundt, founder of the Structuralist movement, influenced by pioneering work in quantum (particle) physics by Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962). If matter can be broken down into fundamental particles, perhaps mind can be as well. Used technique known as introspection to “map out” the mind.

9. Introspection Introspection – careful, systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience Introspection – careful, systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience Both Structuralism and Functionalism used introspection.

10. Functionalsim ( Analyze the function of consciousness, not its structure. how does consciousness help us to adapt to a changing environment?) Using Charles Darwin’s (1809 – 1882) theory of Natural Selection, James proposed that the mind must serve some important purpose related to the survival of the species (helps us adapt to changes in the environment). He saw consciousness as a continuous flow of thoughts (“Stream of Consciousness”) not an assembly of static component parts William James (1842 – 1910)

11. Behaviorism (Beyond Functionalism, Stimulus-Response Psychology) Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson E.L. Thorndike B.F. Skinner (1849 – 1936) (1878 – 1958) (1874 – 1949) (1904 – 1990) Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson E.L. Thorndike B.F. Skinner (1849 – 1936) (1878 – 1958) (1874 – 1949) (1904 – 1990) Pavlov and Watson explored the principles studied the principles of classical conditioning, associational learning Pavlov and Watson explored the principles studied the principles of classical conditioning, associational learning Thorndike and Skinner studied operant conditioning, consequential learning Behaviorists reject the study of consciousness, focus only on observable behavior

12. Psychoanalysis (Psychology moves inward) Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) In contrast to the Behaviorists, who studied only outward, observable behavior, Freud focused on the power and influence of unconscious drives, motives and conflicts on behavior. He developed a model of personality that focused on the importance of childhood experiences in determining adult behavior. He believed that much, if not all, of our behavior is determined by the action of repressed (unconscious) anxieties, fears and conflicts.

13. Humanism (Psychology returns to its philosophical roots) Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1979) Considered the founder of Humanistic Psychology, utilizing principles that were introduced by the Greeks, including the intrinsic worth of all individuals and the natural human tendency to strive for perfection. Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) Developed psychotherapy techniques based on Humanistic principles. His therapy emphasized genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard. Called his patients “clients” to minimize the stigma of mental illness.

14. Cognitive and Physiological Psychology (A return to applied science) Jean Piage Noam Chomsky Roger Sperry Herbert Simon (1896 – 1980) (1928 - ) (1913 – 1994) (1916 – 2001) (1896 – 1980) (1928 - ) (1913 – 1994) (1916 – 2001) Cognitive Characteristics and Nobel Prize for Nobel Prize for development acquisition of language work on function (LAD) brain hemisphere in children Cognitive functions of the mind

15. Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology (Behavioral Genetics) E.O. Wilson Richard Dawkins David Buss L. Cosmides/J. Tooby Founder of In “The Selfish Gene” Studied the Studied cheating Sociobiology argued that all behavior is evolution of and its advantages/ an attempt to maximize mating behavior disadvantages in an attempt to maximize mating behavior disadvantages in reproductive advantage and strategies reproductive success reproductive advantage and strategies reproductive success

16. Gestalt Psychology A group of German psychologists disagreed with the principles of structuralism and behaviorism. They argued that perception is more than the sum of its parts –it involves a “whole pattern” or, in German, a Gestalt Gestalt psychologists studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences

17. Rationalism (Descartes) Empiricism (Locke) Scientific Method (Wundt) Structuralism (Hall, Tichener) Functionalism (James) Cognitive (Piaget, Chomsky,, Simon) Physiological (Sperry) Evolutionary (Wilson, Dawkins, Buss, Cosmides, Looby) Behaviorism (Pavlov, Watson, Thorndyke, Skinner) Humanistic (Maslow, Rogers) Psychoanalytic (Freud)

18. Early Women in Psychology MARY Whiton CALKINS (1863-1930) Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) Studied memory and 1 st women to president of the APA, Did not receive PH.D. 1 st women to receive PH.D., wrote the book titled “The Animal Mind”

19. Early Women in Psychology Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939 Pioneered work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children. She performed studies that challenged the ideas of women being “inferior” to men