1. Holocaust Vocabulary

2. ADOLF HITLER Ruler of Germany during WWII, called the “Fuhrer”

4. HOLOCAUST Term used to refer to the systematic murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazis between 1933-1945. “Holokaustos” meaning “Burnt whole” (over 11 million people in all)

5. ARYAN Racial term used by Nazis to describe a “race” they believed to be superior. It has no biological validity (This is where the Blue eyes, blonde hair, tanned skin stereotype came from)

6. ANTI- SEMITISM Discrimination or persecution of Jews

7. CONCENTRATION CAMP Place where political prisoners were kept (EX: Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, forced labor, POW, transit camps)

8. CREMATORIUM Furnaces where human bodies were burned

10. DEATH CAMPS Nazi centers of murder and extermination

11. Pure Extermination camps: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno (only a few hundred survived these camps) Combined camps Combined camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek (at least 1 million in Ausch, 60-80,000 in Maj) Others targeted for death: (Mentally/Physically disabled, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Jehovah witnesses, Poles/Slavs)

12. DEATH MARCHES The marches imposed upon prisoners by the Nazis in order to keep them from liberation by the Allied forces

13. EXTERMINATION complete annihilation

14. EUTHANASIA The policy of “mercy killing” the old and handicapped

15. GENOCIDE The systematic elimination of a people or nation

16. Top Genocides “geno” – race, “cide” - kill Bosnia (1992-1995) – 200,000 DeathsBosnia (1992-1995) – 200,000 Deaths Rwanda (1994) – 800,000 DeathsRwanda (1994) – 800,000 Deaths Cambodia (1975-1979) –Cambodia (1975-1979) – 2 million Deaths Nazi Holocaust (1933-1945) –Nazi Holocaust (1933-1945) – 6 million Deaths Stalin’s Forced Famine (1932-33) –Stalin’s Forced Famine (1932-33) – 7 million Deaths

17. GHETTO a section of a city occupied by a minority group who live there especially because of social, economic, or legal pressure

18. Warsaw Uprising

20. GAUNT thin and bony; emaciated

21. Elie Wiesel Author of “Night”

22. NAZISM the ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially of the Nazis, especially the policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state control of the economy

23. STEREOTYPE Biased generalizations about a group based on hearsay, opinions, and distorted, preconceived ideas

24. PREJUDICE An attitude toward a person or group of people formed without adequate information

25. RACISM Practice of discrimination and persecution on the basis of race

26. EINSATZGRUPPEN Mobile SS killing units that sought out and slaughtered Jews in the Soviet Union (500-900 men each unit)

27. JUDEN German for “Jews”

28. ANARCHY The absence of government or law in a society

29. DICTATOR A ruler with absolute power

30. Benito Mussolini - Italy Joseph Stalin - Russia Fidel Castro - Cuba Adolf Hitler – Germany

31. DISPLACEMENT The process of people being involuntarily moved from their homes because of war, government policies, or other societal actions, requiring them to find new places to live

32. DEHUMANIZATION Nazi policy of denying Jews basic civil rights such as practicing religion, education, and possessing adequate housing

34. FINAL SOLUTION The Nazi term for the annihilation of the Jews in Europe

35. LORRY a large truck designed to carry heavy loads; usually without sides

36. POGROMS Organized acts of persecution or massacre of a specific group of people

37. HITLER YOUTH Became the official youth group of the Nazi party in 1929 where it grew from 1,000 to over 8 million members. Included boys and girls, ages 10-18. The program stressed: 1.Physical conditioning 2.Skills training (military) 3.Ideological preparation (Nazi ideology)

38. Hitler Youth (cont.) Physical, rather than mental, superiority was stressedPhysical, rather than mental, superiority was stressed Girls were considered lower than boys (Children, Church, Kitchen)Girls were considered lower than boys (Children, Church, Kitchen) By 1939, every German child from 10-18 was forced to join the Hitler Youth.By 1939, every German child from 10-18 was forced to join the Hitler Youth. Members of Hitler Youth were not charged after the war. They were considered to have been misguided and brainwashedMembers of Hitler Youth were not charged after the war. They were considered to have been misguided and brainwashed.

39. Hitler Youth (cont.) BOYS: marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defense, use of dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol shootingBOYS: marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defense, use of dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol shooting GIRLS: had to be able to run 60 meters in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12 meters, complete a 2 hour march, swim 100 meters and know how to make a bed. Primary goal: to have as many children as possible.GIRLS: had to be able to run 60 meters in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12 meters, complete a 2 hour march, swim 100 meters and know how to make a bed. Primary goal: to have as many children as possible.

40. Hitler Youth (cont.) "My pedagogy is hard. The weak must be chiseled away...young people will grow up who will frighten the world. I want a violent, arrogant, unafraid youth, who must be able to suffer pain. Nothing weak or tender must be left in them. Their eyes must bespeak once again the free, magnificent beast of prey...Thus will I face the pure and noble raw material... I do not want an intellectual education. With knowledge I will spoil the young. I would vastly prefer them to learn only what they absorbed voluntarily as they followed their play instinct. They shall learn to overcome the fear of death through the most arduous tests. This is the (historic] state of heroic youth.” -Adolf Hitler

41. Historical Tidbit: The current Pope, Pope Benedict XVI,was once a member of the Hitler Youth.

42. PROPAGANDA False or partly false information used by a government/political party intended to influence/sway the opinions of the population

43. ASSERTION Commonly used in advertisingCommonly used in advertising An enthusiastic and energetic statement presented as a fact, although not necessarily trueAn enthusiastic and energetic statement presented as a fact, although not necessarily true Should be accepted without questionShould be accepted without question “My product is the best”

44. BANDWAGON An appeal to the subject to follow the crowd, to join in because others are doing itAn appeal to the subject to follow the crowd, to join in because others are doing it One side is the winning side because it has more people, more popularOne side is the winning side because it has more people, more popular The subject is meant to believe that since it has so many people, the “win” is inevitable and defeat impossibleThe subject is meant to believe that since it has so many people, the “win” is inevitable and defeat impossible Backwards look: you will be left out if you don’t join inBackwards look: you will be left out if you don’t join in “If everyone jumped off a cliff, would you?”

45. CARDSTACKING Selective omissionSelective omission Only presents positive information, leaving out the negative or contradictory infoOnly presents positive information, leaving out the negative or contradictory info Although the majority of the information given is true, it is dangerous because it leaves out important information as wellAlthough the majority of the information given is true, it is dangerous because it leaves out important information as well

46. GENERALIZATIONS “ Glittering generalities” – words that have different positive meaning for individual subjects, but are linked to highly valued concepts“ Glittering generalities” – words that have different positive meaning for individual subjects, but are linked to highly valued concepts When these are used, they demand approval without thinking, based on the value of the conceptWhen these are used, they demand approval without thinking, based on the value of the concept “Do it for the love of your country”

47. NAMECALLING The use of derogatory language or words that carry a negative connotation when describing the enemyThe use of derogatory language or words that carry a negative connotation when describing the enemy Arouses prejudice among the public by labeling the target something the public dislikesArouses prejudice among the public by labeling the target something the public dislikes Often uses sarcasm and ridicule, such as in cartoons and writingsOften uses sarcasm and ridicule, such as in cartoons and writings “The Jews are to blame for all our problems”

48. OTHER OTHER TYPES Plain Folks Emotional Appeal Scare Tactics

49. TOTALITARIANISM A government or doctrine in which one political party or group maintains complete control and makes all others illegal

50. SS Formed in 1925 as Hitler’s personal guards and developed into the most powerful affiliated organization of the Nazi party

51. STAR OF DAVID (Yellow Star) Universal symbol of Judaism, also the Shield of David

53. SWASTIKA Symbol of the Nazi party; originally an ancient religious symbol

54. Origins: life, sun, power, strength, good luck

55. ZYKLON B The gas used to kill Jews in the gas chambers at the death camps

56. KRISTALLNACHT “Night of the Broken Glass.” Nazi-organized riot against the Jews on November 9-10, 1938

58. UBERMENSCHEN Nazi term for “superman,” the racial ideal

59. ALLIES (GOOD GUYS) Britain, France, Belgium, Italy (1/2), Russia, and America; Liberated the camps and won the war

60. AXIS (BAD GUYS) Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Italy (1/2); lost the war

61. ASSIMILATION The process of becoming incorporated into mainstream society. Strict observance of Jewish laws and customs pertaining to dress, food, and religious holidays tends to keep Jewish people separate and distinct from the culture of the country within which they are living.

62. ATROCITY An extremely cruel and wicked act

63. BYSTANDER One who is present at some event without participating in it

64. CREED A system of belief, principles, or opinion

65. FUHRER A leader, especially one exercising the absolute power of a tyrant

66. GESTAPO Abbreviation for Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police)

67. LIBERATORS Soldiers who freed the prisoners of the concentration camps

68. PERPETRATORS Those who do something that is morally wrong or criminal

69. SCAPEGOAT An innocent person or persons blamed for the problems or troubles of others

70. Mein Kampf An autobiographical book meaning My Struggle, written by Hitler proposing his ideas, beliefs, and plans for the future of Germany

71. BERICHA Hebrew for “flight”; name given to those who aided Jews in their escape to Palestine after the Holocaust

72. JUDENREIN German term that means “pure” or “clean” of Jews

73. LUFTWAFFE The German Air Force

74. APPELPLATZ Roll call area inside concentration, labor, and death camps

75. NUREMBERG TRIALS Trials held in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945-1949 to prosecute war criminals from Nazi Germany for their crimes against the Jews. The main targets charged were political, economic, and military leaders.

76. NUREMBERG TRIALS, cont. Several of the key “architects”, however, such as Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels committed suicide before the trials took place. Out of the Major War Criminals, 12 were sentenced to death. 10 of them were executed by hanging and 2 committed suicide prior to their execution.

77. Nuremberg Trials. Defendants in the dock. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler's death.