1. The Scientific Revolution The Changing World

2. The Scientific Revolution Before the 1500's scholars based beliefs on ancient Rome, Greece, and the Bible.

3. The Medieval View * Geocentric Theory is the belief that the Earth was unmoving and the planets and Sun orbited around it. * Reasons people believed in the Geocentric Theory: - Idea came from Aristotle(Greek Philos of 4 th century BC) - Greek astronomer Ptolemy expanded the theory in 200 AD - Christianity taught God placed the Earth in the center of the Universe

4. New Way of Thinking * Mid 1500's writers were challenging ancient thinkers & Church * This Began a change in thought called Scientific Revolution * Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world A combination of discoveries & circumstances gave new ideas credibility

5. New Way of Thinking * Medieval universities compiled this knowledge and added courses in astronomy, physics, and math * Discoveries of manuscripts showed many ideas that came from Africa, Asia, and The Americas....places Europeans thought were not inhabited * Europeans were opening up to new ideas * European Explorers ignited new scientific research

6. The Heliocentric Theory Nicolas Copernicus was interested in the Greek idea that the Sun was the center of the Universe

7. The Heliocentric Theory *NC studied planetary movements for 25 years and reasoned that the stars, planets, and Earth revolved around the Sun. * Fearing persecution from scholars and church he did not publish his beliefs until the last year of his life....1543 * Copernicus’s book was “ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies”

8. Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe recorded movements of the planets and his assistant Johannes Kepler continued his work

9. Heliocentric Theory Kepler Demonstrated mathematically that Copernicus basic ideas were true

10. Galileo Galilee In 1581 at 17 years old Galileo Galilee proved Aristotle wrong when he timed a swinging chandelier and realized each swing took the same amount of time

11. Galileo’s Discoveries * Discovered a falling object accelerated at a fixed predictable rate * Proved Aristotle wrong when he proved objects of different weight fell at the same speed * 1609: Galileo built his own telescope after hearing of a Dutch instrument that was built to see far

12. Galileo’s Discoveries * 1610: He wrote a book called Starry Messenger stating that Jupiter had 4 moons and the Sun had dark spots * Proved Aristotle wrong when he found the moon and stars were not perfect and had different surface textures. * His findings supported those of Copernicus

13. Conflict with the Church * Galileo’s findings frightened both Catholic and Protestant leaders * His findings were different than church teachings * 1616: The Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend Copernicus’s ideas

14. Galileo * 1632: Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems The book supported Copernicus and Ptolemy and the pope summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trial * 1633- Galileo was threatened w/ torture and recanted his theories * He lived under house arrest and died in 1642 but his ideas spread throughout Europe

15. The Scientific Method *Scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing new ideas -Starts with an observation - a hypothesis is formed - hypothesis is tested - Analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion

16. Frances Bacon and Rene’ Descartes helped advance the new approach………. * Frances Bacon felt a better understanding of the world would improve peoples lives * Bacon felt people relied too heavily on medieval ideas from abstract theories...ideas should be scientifically proven

17. I Think, Therefore I am… * Rene’ Descartes linked algebra and geometry to form analytical geometry, a new tool for scientific research * Differed from Bacon by relying on mathematics & logic...not experimentation

18. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity * Mid 1600s Isaac Newton brought together the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo into one “Theory of Motion” * Believe ONE force ruled motion disproving Aristotle’s theory of Earth and Universe forces being separate

19. Isaac Newton * Law of Universal Gravitation- Every Object in the Universe attracts every other object. The degree depends on size

20. Isaac Newton * 1687: Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy -It said the Universe worked like a clock and God was the clockmaker